Module 2
Magnetostatics
3. 1. Introduction
- Stationary charges produce Electric field.
- Steady Currents produce Magnetic field.
The magnetic field is governed by the following
Maxwell’s equations:
J: Current density (Amp/m2)
B: Magnetic flux (weber/ m2) (W/m2)
H: Magnetic field density (Amp/m)
B=µH
Law of conservation
of magnetic flux
s
B d s 0
Magnetostatics
• A magnetic field not only exists around permanent magnet
but can also be created by electric current.
•
• A current-carrying wire induced a magnetic field B that
formed closed circular loops around the wire.
Z
• I: current flowing in the wire
• B: Magnetic flux density B
I
Chap 3: Magnetostatics
Biot– Savard’s law
B-S law states that the differential magnetic field dH generated by a steady
current I flowing through a differential length dl is given by:
Magnetostatics
To determine the total magnetic field H due to a finite conductor, we
integrate dH along the total line path.
(A/m)
Magnetostatics
Magnetic field due to a surface and a volume current distributions:
In these cases we express H in terms of volume current density J measured
in ( A/m² ), or the surface current density Js measured in ( A/m).
Js
J
l
S
Volume Current density J (A/m²) Surface Current density Js ( A/m)
Example: Identify the configuration in the figures below that is not correct representation of
I and H.
Example: For the currents and closed paths, calculate the value of
3. 3: Magnetic Field for particular current density.
3. 3. a) Magnetic Field of a linear Conductor of length l at a distance r is given by:
l r
X
For an infinity long conductor ( l >> r )
I
b) Magnetic Field of a circular loop of radius a at the Axis of the loop:
At the center of the loop ( Z = 0)
At Z >>
Example:
Example 5
Time varying Fields and Maxwell’s Equations
• Introduction
Fundamental Maxwell’s relations for electrostatic field
ρv
and
Fundamental Maxwell’s relations for magneto static field
and
It can be noted that E and D are independent from B and H.
Time varying Fields And Maxwell’s equations
4.2 Faraday’s Law
1) A stationary circuit in a Time varying Magnetic field
As seen before, a current passing through a conductor produces a magnetic
field, the inverse of this phenomena is also true.
A magnetic field can produce a current in a closed circuit but this magnetic flux
linkage by the circuit must be changed with time
Moving the magnet up
and down produces
AC current Moving Up Moving down
Increasing B decreasing B
Time varying Fields and Maxwell’s equations
• If the loop is open an emf appears at its terminals,
: Total flux B
For N loop :
emf
The total flux through a circuit is equal to the integral
E
of the
normal component of the flux density B over the surface
bounded by the circuit,
Accordingly, an emf can be generated in a closed conducting loop
under any of the three following conditions:
1) A time-varying magnetic field linking a stationary loop
( transformer)
2) A moving loop with a time varying area ( relative to the normal
component of B).
3) A moving loop in time varying field B. ( Total V emf).
Faraday law states that a time-varying magnetic field induces an
electric field E whose curl is equal to the negative of the time
derivative of B.
Maxwell’s equation
2- According to Maxwell, electromagnetic is based on four (4)
fundamental relations known as: Maxwell’s equations .
- He deduced his equations from experimental observation
reported by: Gauss, Faraday, and Ampere.
Gauss ‘ Law (Electrostatic)
Faraday’s Law
Gauss ‘ Law ( Magnetostatic)
Ampere’s Law
Time varying field (cont)
It can be noted that the previous equations show:
1- The relation between Electric field and electric charges
( Gauss’s law) in a closed surface.
2- The relation between Magnetic field and Electric current
( Ampere’s law) in a closed path.
3- Bilateral coupling between the Electric and Magnetic fields
quantities.
N.B: In static case, the electric field and the magnetic field are
not interconnected.
Maxwell’s equations for static E and M fields
