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(B) Historic Prospective of Animal Behavior

The document outlines the historical development of animal behavior and ethology, tracing observations from primitive humans through ancient cultures to modern scientific approaches. Key figures include Aristotle, Charles Darwin, and the Nobel Prize winners Karl Von Frisch, Nikolaus Tinbergen, and Konrad Lorenz, who significantly advanced the field. The evolution of ethology is marked by a shift from observational studies to scientific inquiry into the innate behaviors and communication of animals.

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Sana Khan
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9 views7 pages

(B) Historic Prospective of Animal Behavior

The document outlines the historical development of animal behavior and ethology, tracing observations from primitive humans through ancient cultures to modern scientific approaches. Key figures include Aristotle, Charles Darwin, and the Nobel Prize winners Karl Von Frisch, Nikolaus Tinbergen, and Konrad Lorenz, who significantly advanced the field. The evolution of ethology is marked by a shift from observational studies to scientific inquiry into the innate behaviors and communication of animals.

Uploaded by

Sana Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HISTORIC PROSPECTIVE 0F ANIMAL

BEHAVIOR/ETHOLOGY

About 4000 or above years ago, the animal behavior


was used to be observed by primitive humans
through Paleolithic art. In same era/ age such an
animal behavior was also observed through carve
paintings, where animal were shown in herds,
migration, predators/hunting alone or in groups .

Almost 4000 years ago, there was understanding of


advanced animal behavior known through old
MINOAN CULTURE.
ARISTOTAL(322-340 BC) was a keen observer
of animal behavior and gave an excellent
description of this behavior in his book Historia
Animalium (The history of animals). He collected
a detailed information on pet animals and
concluded that these animals possess insight and
love for their families and masters.
After a long forgotten period (400-1200 YEARS),
the animal behavior came into existence by a book
UTOPIA, written by Mr., Thomas More in 1918
where he described various behavioral patterns of
animals.
In the 17th century, the word ethology was used
by a stage actor , Mr. Geoffroy, Saint Hillaire in
the year 1859 who describe the relationship of
animals with environment, family and the society.

The scientific work on animal behavior was


started by the work done by Mr. Gilbert White
(1720-1793) and Mr. Charles Leroy (1723-1789).
The foundation of modern ethology was laid
down with evolutionary theory of Mr. Charles
Darwin, the father of modern ethology in the year
1859.
Through his book “on the origin of species by means of
natural selection” which is considered to be the next to the
Holy Bible for its impact on human thinking.
The Darwin first book on animal behavior was first
published in 1871 where he described man in relation to
sex deal with various emotions.

His 2nd book on animal behavior ( The expression of the


emotions in man and animals) was published in 1873,
where he explained the bristling of hairs under terror,
body postures of pet animals as a mean of communication
and role of internal factors e.g. stimulated nervous system
in composing the animal behavior.
Further basis for the development of ethology was
provided by the work done of Mr. Charles Whiteman
(1842-1910), Wallace Craig (1876-1954) and Mr. Oskar
Heinroth (1871-1945).
Three scientists, Karl Von Frisch (1886-1983) from
Germany, Mr. Nikolaus Tinbergen (1907-1988) from
Holland and Mr. Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) from
Vienna played a primary role in the development of
modern approach to animal behavior.
These three founders of ethology got the Nobel prize in
the year 1973 in Physiology and Medicine for their path
breaking contribution to behavioral science.
Lorenz emphasized the importance of direct
observation under natural conditions, While
Mr. Tinbergen examined the functional
significance of behavior.

He published a concise book on the “Study


of Instinct” suggesting that most of the
behaviors of animals are innate and
instinctive.

Frisch s’ greatest contribution was his work


on Honey Bee communication (1943) and
sensory biology.
Description and contribution of every
biologist/ethologist who followed and
carried further work of these three Noble
prize winner is remarkable and detail can be
found from the work done by Mr. Warden
(1927) , Waters (1951), Boring (1957),
Jaynes(1969), Klopfer (1974) and
historically oriented works.

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