Industrial Wastewater Engineering

EE – 6.10
 Syllabus
• Industrial Wastewater
– Definition, Characteristics and features
– Treatment flow schemes and basic design
considerations for industrial wastewater.
• Design of Physical Unit Operations for
Wastewater Treatment
– Design of screen and bar rack
– Design of Grit chamber
– Design of equalization tank
– Design for grease removal
– Design of rapid mixer, flocculator and clarifier
– High rate clarifier
– Operational problems of physical unit operations
• Design of chemical unit processes for
Wastewater Treatment
– Coagulation
– Operational problems of chemical unit processes
• Design of biological treatment processes for
Wastewater Treatment
• Aerobic process
– Detailed design of following suspended growth
processes (i) Complete Mix ASP (ii) Extended
aeration (iii) Sequencing Batch Reactor
– Operational problems of suspended growth
processes
• 3. Attached Growth Process Bio Towers (ii)
Rotating Biological Contactors
• 4. Operational problems
• 5. Types and design of aeration system
• 6. Design of secondary clarifier
• [B] Anaerobic processes 1. Design of UASB 2.
Design of standard rate and high rate digesters
3. Operational problems
• Sludge handling and management:
Introduction, Placement, brief description of
1. Centrifuge 2. Belt Filter Press 3. Neutsch
filter 4. Filter Presses 5. Decanter 6. Sludge
Drying Beds
INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
• Water has certain physical, chemical and biological properties in its
natural state. Industrial wastewater may be altering the properties of
water which may become unfit for consumption.
• During the past few decades rapid industrial development has become
an important contributor of a country high economic growth. With the
development of different industries a large amount of fresh water is
used as a raw material. These industries produce a large quantity of
wastewater as an essential by-product of modern industry which
contributes to water pollution.
• The surface water is the main source of industries for waste disposal.
Water pollution due to improper disposal of untreated industrial
effluent into water bodies is a noteworthy issue in the worldwide
context.
• The pollution caused by the release of industrial effluents into the rivers
and streams has created the issue of general wellbeing as well as a social
issue.
Definition of Industrial wastewater:

• Industrial wastewaters are effluents released from industries which

are associated with raw-material processing and manufacturing.
• Most of the wastewater generating industries include pulp and paper
mill, tannery, dairy industry, distillery, winery, sugar mill, textile
industry, pharmaceutical industry, oil refinery/petroleum industry,
beverages/soft drink bottling industry etc.
• The wastewaters from these industries may not be safely treated due to
the lack of highly efficient and economic treatment technology.
• Untreated or improper disposal of wastewater have increased the
level of surface water pollution resulting in adverse effects on the
quality of all forms of life.
CHARECTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

• The wastewaters released by the industries are variable in their

composition depending on nature of industry and contaminants. Each
industry produces its own particular combination of pollutants.
• The industrial wastewaters are characterized in terms of their physical
(total solids, suspended solids, dissolved solids, color, odor and
temperature), chemical (inorganic and organic), and biological
characteristics as shown in table.
• Among all types of contaminants, organic pollutants are critical part.
Different industries have different types of pollutants like the wastewater
released from textile industry have high COD, BOD and color
whereas wastewater released from tannery industry have high
concentration of metal such as chromium and cadmium.
 TREATMENT FLOW SCHEMES AND BASIC DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
• The treatment of industrial wastewater is classified according to
following levels as shown in figure:
• Preliminary treatment:
It is a separation process and involves the removal of debris and coarse
solids.
• Primary treatment:
Primary treatment includes the removal of settleable solids (a portion of
suspended solids) and part of the organic matter from the wastewater.
• Secondary treatment:
The aim of secondary treatment is the further treatment of wastewater
from primary treatment to remove the residual biodegradable organic
matter, suspended solids and possibly nutrients (Nitrogen and
Phosphorous) by means of biological process.
• Tertiary treatment:
Tertiary treatment or advanced treatment is employed for the removal of specific
pollutants of wastewater which cannot be sufficiently removed in secondary treatment.
 WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPERATIONS

• The wastewater treatment methods are composed of unit operations as shown

figure:
• Physical unit operations (Physical treatment)
The wastewater treatment methods in which physical forces are predominant
such as screening, aeration, filtration, floating.
• Chemical unit processes (Chemical treatment)
The treatment methods in which removal of pollutant occurs by addition of
chemical products or due to chemical reactions such as ozonation, coagulation,
advanced oxidation processes.
• Biological unit processes (Biological treatment)
The treatment methods in which removal of pollutant occurs by means of
biological activity under aerobic and anaerobic conditions such as
activated sludge, trickling filtration and anaerobic digestion.
 RECYCLING AND REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
• Due to rapid urbanization, the use of treated, partially treated and
untreated wastewater in agriculture has received much attention in
developing countries. In developing countries these wastewaters is
utilized for irrigation purposes because wastewater is nutrient rich
and provides food security.
• The untreated or partially treated industrial wastewater shows
harmful effect on all life forms and the environment.
• One of the approaches to diminish the effect of water shortage and
pollution is recycling and reuse of industrial wastewater.
• Water recycling is the reuse of treated wastewater for beneficial
purposes such as agricultural and industrial processes. The
wastewater can be treated by various technologies utilizing various
distinctive measures relying upon the quality required.
• The treated wastewater has the potential to be recycled in a number of
sectors such as agriculture and industries. The production of pure
water (recycling) from different feed water sources is a complex
procedure including a large number of steps and process units as
shown in figure.
• The recycling and reuse of industrial wastewater enable
communities to become less dependent on groundwater and surface
water sources. Also, water reuse may lessen the supplement loads from
wastewater discharges into waterways, subsequently decreasing
pollution.
• At some point recycling of wastewater consumes large quantities of
energy.
Processes of recycling of industrial wastewater
 WATER CONSUMPTION IN INDUSTRY

• Water is consumed by three ways in any industry:

1. Process
2. Utility
3. Sanitation
• Manufacturing and utilities together account over 70% of total water use
in most countries. Remaining 30% of water is being used for sanitation
purposes.
1. Process:
In industry, manufacturing of products requires maximum quantity of
water. For example, textile industry is the leading consumer of water
and it uses huge amount of water in dyeing, finishing, and washing of
clothes. Textile industry produces around 17 to 20% of wastewater.
2. Utility:
• In any industry, large amount of water is being used for utilities like in
cooling tower and in boiler.
• Cooling towers represents the largest use of water in industrial and
commercial applications. Cooling towers remove heat from air
conditioning systems, as well as, a wide variety of industrial processes.
While all cooling towers continually cycle water, they can consume 20
to 30 percent, or more, of a facility’s total water use.
• In industry, boiler is being used either to generate electricity or to
mineralize the water for production process.

3. Sanitation:
• Around 30% of water is being used for sanitation purposes in
industries. Water is utilized for washing floors, house keeping, cleaning
machines, flushing in toilets etc.