PYTHON PACKAGES: MATPLOTLIB, NUMPY, PANDAS

NumPy (Numerical Python)

Purpose: Efficient operations on large arrays and matrices.
 Key Features:

Fast array manipulation

Mathematical/statistical operations
Useful for scientific computing
EXAMPLE CODE:

 Example Code:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

print("Array:", arr)
print("Mean:", np.mean(arr))
print("Sum:", np.sum(arr))
print("Square Roots:", np.sqrt(arr))
ACCESS ARRAY ELEMENTS

 Array indexing is the same as accessing an array element.

 You can access an array element by referring to its index number.
 The indexes in NumPy arrays start with 0, meaning that the first element has index 0, and
the second has index 1 etc.
 Example Code:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

print(arr[0])
ACCESS 2-D ARRAYS

 To access elements from 2-D arrays we can use comma separated integers representing
the dimension and the index of the element.
 Think of 2-D arrays like a table with rows and columns, where the dimension represents the
row and the index represents the column.
Example Code:
import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])

print('2nd element on 1st row: ', arr[0, 1])

ACCESS 3-D ARRAYS

 To access elements from 3-D arrays we can use comma separated integers representing
the dimensions and the index of the element.
 Example code:
 Access the third element of the second array of the first array:
 import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]])

print(arr[0, 1, 2])
NUMPY ARRAY SLICING

 Slicing arrays
 Slicing in python means taking elements from one given index to another given index.
 We pass slice instead of index like this: [start:end].
 We can also define the step, like this: [start:end:step].
 If we don't pass start its considered 0
 If we don't pass end its considered length of array in that dimension
 If we don't pass step its considered 1
EXAMPLE

 Slice elements from index 1 to index 5 from the following array:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])

print(arr[1:5])
CHECKING THE DATA TYPE OF AN ARRAY

 The NumPy array object has a property called dtype that returns the data type of the array:
 Example code:
 Get the data type of an array object:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

print(arr.dtype)
SHAPE OF AN ARRAY

 The shape of an array is the number of elements in each dimension.

Get the Shape of an Array:-

 NumPy arrays have an attribute called shape that returns a tuple with each index having
the number of corresponding elements.
 Example code:-

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])

print(arr.shape)
 PANDAS

 Purpose: Data manipulation and analysis tool built on top of NumPy.

 Pandas is an open-source Python library used for data manipulation, cleaning,
analysis, and visualization. It is built on top of NumPy.
 ✅ Key Features:
• Works with tabular data (CSV, Excel)
• Provides DataFrame and Series objects
• Useful for data cleaning and analysis
 EXAMPLE

 Example code:-

import pandas as pd

mydataset = {
'cars': ["BMW", "Volvo", "Ford"],
'passings': [3, 7, 2]
}

myvar = pandas.DataFrame(mydataset)

print(myvar)
WHAT IS A SERIES?

 A Pandas Series is like a column in a table.

 It is a one-dimensional array holding data of any type.

Example code:-
import pandas as pd

a = [1, 7, 2]

myvar = pd.Series(a)

print(myvar)
READ CSV FILES

 A simple way to store big data sets is to use CSV files (comma separated files).
 CSV files contains plain text and is a well know format that can be read by everyone
including Pandas.
Example code:-
import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df)
VIEWING DATA

 df.head() # First 5 rows

 df.tail() # Last 5 rows
 df.info() # Summary
 df.describe() # Statistics
 df.columns # Column names
 df.shape # (rows, columns)
HANDLING MISSING VALUES

 df.isnull() # Detect missing

 df.dropna() # Drop missing
 df.fillna(0) # Replace with value
 df.fillna(method='ffill') # Forward fill
WHAT IS MATPLOTLIB

 Matplotlib is a plotting library for creating static, interactive, and animated

visualizations in Python.
It's used for plotting:
• Line charts
• Bar charts
• Histograms
• Pie charts
• Scatter plots
• Custom graphs
 It works well with NumPy, Pandas, and other scientific libraries.
BASIC PLOTTING WITH PYPLOT

 Example code:-

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Simple Line Chart")
plt.xlabel("X-Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-Axis")
plt.show()
EXAMPLE

 Example code:-

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

xpoints = np.array([0, 6])

ypoints = np.array([0, 250])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
MARKERS

 You can use the keyword argument marker to emphasize each point with a specified
marker:

Example code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o')

plt.show()
MARKER REFERENCE

'o' Circle
'*' Star
'.' Point
',' Pixel
'x' X
'X' X (filled)
'+' Plus
'P' Plus (filled)
's' Square
'D' Diamond
FORMAT STRINGS FMT

 You can also use the shortcut string notation parameter to specify the marker.
 This parameter is also called fmt, and is written with this syntax:

Example code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, 'o:r')
plt.show()
TYPES OF CHARTS

 Line Chart:-
 Example code:-
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(ypoints, linestyle = 'dotted')

plt.show()
BAR CHART

 Example code:-

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x,y)
plt.show()
HORIZONTAL BARS

 Example code:-
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.barh(x, y)
plt.show()
BAR COLOR

 The bar() and barh() take the keyword argument color to set the color of the bars:

Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, color = "red")

plt.show()
BAR WIDTH

 The bar() takes the keyword argument width to set the width of the bars:

Example code:-
 Draw 4 very thin bars:
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x, y, width = 0.1)

plt.show()
BAR HEIGHT

 The barh() takes the keyword argument height to set the height of the bars:

Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.barh(x, y, height = 0.1)

plt.show()
HISTOGRAM

 Example code:-

import numpy as np

x = np.random.normal(170, 10, 250)

print(x)
PIE CHART

 Example code:-

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])

plt.pie(y)
plt.show()
SCATTER PLOT

 Example code:-
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])

plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()
WHAT IS TKINTER?

• Tkinter is a Python wrapper around Tcl/Tk, a GUI toolkit developed in the 1990s.
• It allows Python developers to create windows, dialogs, buttons, menus, textboxes, and
other interface elements.
• It’s built into Python, so you don’t need to install anything extra (tkinter module is included
in standard Python distribution).
KEY FEATURES

 Cross-platform: Works on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

 Lightweight: Good for simple to moderately complex GUI applications.
 Event-driven: Uses event loops to respond to user actions (clicks, key presses, etc.).
BASIC EXAMPLE
import tkinter as tk

# Create the main window

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Hello Tkinter")
root.geometry("300x200")

# Create a label widget

label = tk.Label(root, text="Welcome to Tkinter!")
label.pack(pady=20)

# Create a button that closes the app

button = tk.Button(root, text="Close", command=root.destroy)
button.pack()

# Start the event loop

COMMON WIDGETS

Widget Description
Label Displays text or images
Button A clickable button
Entry A single-line text box
Text A multi-line text area
Frame A container for organizing widgets
Checkbutton, Radiobutton Selection controls
Canvas Drawing shapes, images, etc.
Menu Drop-down menus
BUTTON

 import tkinter as tk

 r = tk.Tk()
 r.title('Counting Seconds')
 button = tk.Button(r, text='Stop',
width=25, command=r.destroy)
 button.pack()
 r.mainloop()
ENTRY

 from tkinter import *

 master = Tk()
 Label(master, text='First Name').grid(row=0)
 Label(master, text='Last Name').grid(row=1)
 e1 = Entry(master)
 e2 = Entry(master)
 e1.grid(row=0, column=1)
 e2.grid(row=1, column=1)
 mainloop()
CHECKBUTTON

 from tkinter import *

 master = Tk()
 var1 = IntVar()
 Checkbutton(master, text='male',
variable=var1).grid(row=0, sticky=W)
 var2 = IntVar()
 Checkbutton(master, text='female',
variable=var2).grid(row=1, sticky=W)
 mainloop()
RADIOBUTTON

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
v = IntVar()
Radiobutton(root, text='GfG', variable=v,
value=1).pack(anchor=W)
Radiobutton(root, text='MIT', variable=v,
value=2).pack(anchor=W)
mainloop()