UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Concepts of Programming Language

 1.1.1 Introduction of Source Code, Object Code and executable code
 1.1.2 Algorithm and Flowchart
 1.1.3 Concepts of Structured Programming Language
1.2 Concepts of Editor, Interpreter and Compiler
 1.2.1 Introduction of C program body structure
 1.2.2 Character Set, concepts of variables and constants
 1.2.3 Identifiers, literals, Key words
 1.2.4 Data types (signed and unsigned) (Numeric : int, short int, long,
float, double) , (Character type: char, string) and void.
 1.2.5 Concepts of source code, object code and executable code
 1.1 Concepts of Programming Language
1.1.1 Introduction of Source Code, Object Code and
executable code
1.1.2 Algorithm and Flowchart
1.1.3 Concepts of Structured Programming Language
Programming Language
 A programming language is a formal
language comprising a set of
instructions that produce various
kinds of output.
 Programming languages are used in
computer programming to implement
algorithms.
 Most programming languages consist
of instructions for computers.
1.1.1 Introduction of Source Code, Object
Code and Executable code
1.1.2 Algorithm and Flowchart
Algorithm
 The step by step procedure for
solving a problem is known as
algorithm.
A sequence of precise and
unambiguous instructions for
solving a problem is known as
algorithm.
Example:
 Write an Algorithm to make tea.
 Step 1 : START / BEGIN
 Step 2 : Turn on Gas
 Step 3 : Take Bowl/Jar
 Step 4 : Add Milk, Water, Sugar, Tea, MASALA
 Step 5 : Boil it for sometime
 Step 6 : Turn off Gas
 Step 7 : STOP / END
Example:
Write an algorithm to make tea.
Step 1: START / BEGIN
Step 2: Take a bowl
Step 3: Add water and Milk in bowl
Step 4: Light up Gas
Step 5: Put Bowl on Gas
Step 6: Add Sugar and Tea
Step 7: Boil for Some Time
Step 8: Turn off Gas
Step 9: STOP / END
 Example:
Write an algorithm to eat Pizza in
Lockdown.
Step 1 : START / BEGIN
Step 2 : Ask Parents for permission
Step 3 : They said no.
Step 4 :
Step 4 : STOP / END
Homework:
1. Write an Algorithm to go for movie with
friend.
2. Write an Algorithm to go college from
home.
3. Write an Algorithm to picnic with
friends.
4. Write an Algorithm to print your name.
5. Write an Algorithm to print addition of
two numbers.
 Write an Algorithm to print your
name.
 Step 1 : START
 Step 2 : Take an element X
 Step 3 : Store your name in X
 Step 4 : Print / Display X
 Step 5 : STOP
 Write an Algorithm to print your
name.
 Step 1 : START
 Step 2 : DISPLAY / PRINT / WRITE “CHIRAG”
 Step 3 : STOP
 Write an Algorithm to print your
name, Address, Phone Num.
 Step 1 : START
 Step 2 : DISPLAY / PRINT / WRITE “CHIRAG” ,
“SURAT”, “9913….”
 Step 3 : DISPLAY “SURAT”
 Step 4 : DISPLAY “9913776671”
 Step 5 : STOP
 Write an Alogrithm to print Your 12th
STD Marksheet.
 Write an Algorithm to print addition of
two numbers.
 Step 1 : START
 Step 2 : Declare a=10 and Declare
b=10
 Step 3 : Calculate c = a+b
 Step 4 : Display c
 Step 5 : STOP
 Write an Algorithm to print cube of
number.
 Step 1 : START
 Step 2 : Declare a=10
 Step 3 : Calculate c = a*a*a
 Step 4 : Display c
 Step 5 : STOP
 Write an Alogrithm to print Your 12th
STD Marksheet.
 Write an Algorithm to print Addition(+),
Subtraction(-), Multiplication(*) and
Division(/) of two numbers.
 Write an Algorithm to print Cube of
given number.
Sample Calculation
Declare a=10 c=a*a*a Display c
a=10 c=10*10*10=100 1000
a=5 c=5*5=25 25
a=12
 Step 1 : START
 Step 2 : Declare name=“VTCBB” and
seatnum=“20BCA151”
 Step 3 : Declare
cs=90,maths=99,ic=90,cppm=36,dma=90
 Step 4 : Display name, Seatnum
 Step 5 : Display cs,maths,ic,cppm,dma
 Step 6 : Calculate t=cs+maths+ic+cppm+dma
 Step 7 : Calculate per=t/5 or t*100/500
 Step 8 : Display t and per.
 Step 9 : Stop
Declare Declare Display Display Calculat Calculat Display
name=“ cs=90, name, cs,math e e t and
VTCBB” maths= Seat s,ic,cpp t=cs+m per=t/5 per
and 99,ic=9 num m,dma aths+ic
seatnu 0,cppm +cppm+
m=“20B =36,dm dma
CA151” a=90

Name=“ cs=90 VTCBB 90 t=90+99 per=405/ 405

VTCBB” Maths=9 20BCA15 99 +90+36 5 81
Seat 9 1 90 +90 =81
num = Ic=90 36 =405
20BCA15 Cppm=3 90
1 6
Dma=90
Write an Algorithm to print Addition(+),
Subtraction(-), Multiplication(*) and
Division(/) of two numbers.

Step 1 : START
Step 2 : Declare a=20,b=10,c=0
Step 3 : Calculate c=a+b
Step 4 : Calculate c=a-b
Step 5 : Calculate c=a*b
Step 6 : Calculate c=a/b
Step 7 : Display c
Step 8 : STOP
 Declare c=a+b c=a-b c=a*b c=a/b Display c
a=20,b=1
0,c=0
A=20 C=20+10 C=20-10 C=20*10 C=20/10 2
B=10 =30 =10 =200 =2
C=0
Write an Algorithm to print Addition(+),
Subtraction(-), Multiplication(*) and
Division(/) of two numbers.
Step 1 : START
Step 2 : Declare a=20,b=10, c=0
Step 3 : Calculate c=a+b
Step 4 : Display c
Step 5 : Calculate c=a-b
Step 6 : Display c
Step 7 : Calculate c=a*b
Step 8 : Display c
Step 9 : Calculate c=a/b
Step 10 : Display c
Step 11 : STOP
Declare c=a+b Display c=a-b Display c=a*b Display c=a/b Display
a=20,b c c c c
=10,c=
0
A=20 C=20+1 30 C=20-10 10 C=20*10 200 C=20/10 2
b-=10 0 =10 =200 =2
C=0 =30
Write an Algorithm to print Addition(+),
Subtraction(-), Multiplication(*) and
Division(/) of two numbers.
Step 1 : START
Step 2 : Declare a=20,b=10, c=0,d=0,e=0,f=0
Step 3 : Calculate c=a+b
Step 4 : Calculate d=a-b
Step 5 : Calculate e=a*b
Step 6 : Calculate f=a/b
Step 7 : Display c,d,e,f
Step 8 : STOP
 Declare c=a+b d=a-b e=a*b f=a/b Display
a=20,b=1 c,d,e,f
0,c=0,d=0
,e=0,f=0
A=20 c=20+10 D=20-10 E=20*10 F=20/10 30
B=10 =30 =10 =200 =2 10
C=0 200
D=0 2
E=0
F=0
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to convert dollar to rs.(1 Dollar = 70 rs)
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to convert Kilogram to Grams.
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to convert GB to MB.
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to Swap (interchange) two numbers.
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to convert rs to dollar.
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to convert Gram to Kilograms.
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to convert MB to GB.
 Write an Algorithm and Sample Calculation
to Swap (interchange) two numbers.
(without using third variable)
 START
 DECLARE D = 2
 R=D*70
 DISPLAY R

 DECLARE K = 2
 G=K*1000
 DISPLAY G

 DECLARE G = 2
 M=G*1024
 DISPLAY M
A=2 R=A*70 DISPLAY R
A=2 R=2*70 140
=140
A=5 R=5*70 350
=350
 START
 DECLARE a=10, b=20, c=0
 c=a
 a=b
 b=c
 Display a
 Display b
 Declare a =10 a=b b=a Display a
b=20 c=0 Display b
A=10 A=20 B=20 20
B=20 20

a=10 temp=a a=b b=temp Display a

b=20 Display b
temp=0
a=10 c=10 a=20 b=10 A=20
b=20 B=10
c=0
A=10 Temp=
B=20
Temp=0
 a=10 , b=20
 ..
 …
 ..
 Display a // 20
 Display b // 10
Write an Algorithm and Sample
Calculation to convert rs to
dollar.
 DECLARE D=2
 R=D*70
 DISPLAY R

 START
 DECLARE R=140
 D = R/70
 DISPLAY D

 R=2
 D=R*0.014
 DISPLAY D
 START
 DECLARE R=140
 D = R/70
 DISPLAY D

 START
 DECLARE G=14000
 K = G/1000
 DISPLAY K

 START
 DECLARE MB=2048
 GB = MB/1024
 DISPLAY GB
 DECLARE A=10, B=20
 A=A+B
 B=A-B
 A=A-B
 DISPLAY A,B
A=10 A=A*B B=A/B A=A/B DISPLAY
B=20 A
B
A=10 A=10+20 B=30-20 A=30-10 20
B=20 30 =10 =20 10

A=30 A=30+50 B=80-50 A=80-30 50

B=50 =80 =30 =50 30
A=10 A=10*20 B=200/20 A=200/10 20
B=20 =200 =10 =20 10
 Advantages of Algorithms:
 It is a step-wise representation of a solution to a
given problem, which makes it easy to understand.
 An algorithm uses a definite procedure.
 It is not dependent on any programming language,
so it is easy to understand for anyone even without
programming knowledge.
 Every step in an algorithm has its own logical
sequence so it is easy to debug.
 By using algorithm, the problem is broken down
into smaller pieces or steps hence, it is easier for
programmer to convert it into an actual program.
Disdvantages of Algorithms:
 Algorithms is Time consuming.
 Difficult to show Branching and
Looping in Algorithms.
 Big tasks are difficult to put in
Algorithms.
Flowchart
 A flowchart is a diagrammatic
representation that illustrates the
sequence of operations to be performed to
arrive at the solution.
 A pictorial representation, which uses
predefined symbols, to describe either the
logic of a computer program (program
flowchart), or the data flow and processing
step of a system.
 A graphical representation of an algorithm is
known as flowchart.
Symbols used in Flowchart
Start or End of the program

Process / Computational Steps

Input/Output Instructions

Decision making
& Branching

Connectors

Flow Line
Example: Draw a flowchart to
make tea
START

TAKE A BOWL

ADD WATER AND SUGAR

ADD TEA AND MILK

BOIL

STOP
ALGORITHM TO PRINT SQUARE OF
GIVEN NUMBER.
 STEP 1 : START
 STEP 2 : DISPLAY “ENTER ANY NUMBER:”
 STEP 3 : READ A / INPUT A
 STEP 4 : CALCULATE S=A*A
 STEP 5 : DISPLAY “SQUARE OF NUMBER IS : “ S
 STEP 6 : STOP
SAMPLE CALCULATION
DISPLAY READ A S=A*A DISPLAY
“ENTER ANY “SQUARE OF
NUMBER” NUMBER IS :
“S
ENTER ANY A=5 S=5*5 SQUARE OF
NUMBER =25 NUMBER IS : 25

ENTER ANY A=25 S=25*25 SQUARE OF

NUMBER =625 NUMBER IS :
625
DRAW FLOWCHART TO PRINT
SQUARE OF GIVEN NUMBER
START

DISPLAY “ENTER
ANY NUMBER : “

READ A

S=A*A

DISPLAY “SQUARE OF NUMBER IS

:“S

STOP
HOMEWORK(WRITE ALGORITHM, DRAW FLOWCHART
AND SAMPLE CALCULATION(MIN. 3 VALUES) FOR THE
FOLLOWING:

1. TO PRINT YOUR NAME, ADDRESS, PHONE NUMBER

2. TO PRINT ADDITION OF 2 NUMBERS
3. TO PRINT SUBSTRACTION OF 2 NUMBERS
4. TO PRINT MULTIPLICATION OF 2 NUMBERS
5. TO PRINT DIVISION OF 2 NUMBERS
6. TO PRINT CUBE OF GIVEN NUMBER
7. TO CONVERT DOLLAR TO RS
8. TO CONVERT RS TO DOLLAR
9. TO CONVERT MB TO GB
10. TO SWAP TWO NUMBERS
 Start

Print Name:

Print Address:

Print Phone number:

End
 WRITE AN ALGORITHM, FLOWCHART,
SAMPLE CALCULATION TO FIND MINIMUM
OF TWO NUMBERS
 STEP 1 : START
 STEP 2 : DISPLAY “ENTER VALUE OF A”
 STEP 3 : READ A
 STEP 4 : DISPLAY “ENTER VALUE OF B”
 STEP 5 : READ B
 STEP 6 : IF A<B THEN GO TO STEP 7 ELSE GO TO STEP 8
 STEP 7 : DISPLAY “A IS MINIMUM”
 STEP 8 : DISPLAY “B IS MINIMUM”
 STEP 9 : STOP
DISPLA READ A DISPLA READ B IS A< DISPLA DISPLA
Y Y B? Y “A IS Y “B IS
“ENTER “ENTER MINIMU MINIMU
VALUE VALUE M” M”
OF A” OF B”
ENTER A=10 ENTER B=20 IS A IS --------
VALUE VALUE 10<20? MINIMUM
OF A OF B TRUE
ENTER A=20 ENTER B=15 IS --------- B IS
VALUE VALUE 20<15? MINIMUM
OF A OF B FALSE
 START

DISPLAY “ENTER
VALUE OF A: “

READ A

DISPLAY “ENTER
VALUE OF B : “

READ B

P
 P

TRUE FALSE /
IS A<B?
/ YES NO

DISPLAY “A DISPLAY “B
IS MINIMUM” IS MINIMUM”

STOP
ASSIGNMENT -1
 What is Algorithm? Write advantages
and disadvantages of it.
 What is Flowchart? Write advantages
and disadvantages of it.
 What is Flowchart? Discuss its
symbols with proper example.
 Write a Program to print Subtraction of 2
numbers.
 Write a Program to print Multiplication of 2
numbers.
 Write a Program to print Division of 2 numbers.
 Write a Program to print Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Division of 2 numbers.
 Write a Program to print Square of numbers.
Advantages:
 Communication
Flowchart are better way of communicating the
logic of the system
 Effective analysis
With the help of flowchart, a problem can be
analyzed in a more effective way.
 Efficient Coding
The flowchart act as a guide or blue print
during the system analysis and program
development phase.
 Proper debugging
The flowchart helps in debugging process.
Debugging means finding and correcting
problems or mistakes or errors.
 Proper documentation
A flowchart serves as a good program
documentation which is needed for future
purpose.
 Efficient program maintenance
Using the flowchart, we can easily manage the
program or a system,
Disadvantage:
 Complex logic
Sometimes the program logic is complicated in
that case flowchart becomes more complex.
 Alteration and modification
If changes are required then the flowchart may
require to redraw completely.
 Reproduction
As the flowchart symbols are not to be typed,
reproduction of flowchart may require to draw
again.
 Algorithm Flowchart
Algorithm is step by step Flowchart is graphical
procedure for solving a representation of an
problem. algorithm.
In algorithm, there are In flowchart, there are
steps and statements. predefined symbols.
Algorithm is difficult to Flowchart is easy to
understand. understand.
Eg:
Step 1: START
Step 2: READ A and B
Step 3: CALCULATE C=A+B
Step 4: WRITE C
Step 5: STOP

Difficult to find mistake Easy to find Mistake

Algorithm is not user Flowchart is user
 1.1.3 Concepts of Structured
Programming Language
 Structured Programming Approach, as the word suggests, can
be defined as a programming approach in which the program is
made as a single structure.
 It means that the code will execute the instruction by
instruction one after the other.
 It doesn’t support the possibility of jumping from one instruction
to some other with the help of any statement like GOTO, etc.
Therefore, the instructions in this approach will be executed in a
serial and structured manner.
 The languages that support Structured programming approach
are:
 C
 C++
 Java
 C#
 The structured program consists of well
structured and separated modules.
But the entry and exit in a Structured
program is a single-time event.
 Therefore a structured program is well
maintained, neat and clean program.
 This is the reason why the Structured
Programming Approach is well accepted
in the programming world.
 The structured program mainly
consists of three types of elements:
 Selection Statements (Where you select
or choose between two or more flows)
 Sequence Statements (Do one
instruction then the next and the next)
 Iteration Statements (Repetition)
Advantages:
 Easier to read and understand
 User Friendly
 Easier to Maintain
 Development is easier as it requires
less effort and time
 Easier to Debug
 Machine-Independent, mostly.
Disadvantages:
 Since it is Machine-Independent, So it takes time
to convert into machine code.
 The converted machine code is not the same as for
assembly language.
 The program depends upon changeable factors
like data-types. Therefore it needs to be updated
with the need on the go.
 Usually the development in this approach takes
longer time as it is language-dependent. Whereas
in the case of assembly language, the development
takes lesser time as it is fixed for the machine.
 1.2 Concepts of Editor, Interpreter and
Compiler
 1.2.1 Introduction of C program body structure
 1.2.2 Character Set, concepts of variables and
constants
 1.2.3 Identifiers, literals, Key words
 1.2.4 Data types (signed and unsigned) (Numeric :
int, short int, long, float,
 double) , (Character type: char, string) and void.
 1.2.5 Concepts of source code, object code and
executable code
 1.2.1 Introduction of C program
 C is a general-purpose high level
language that was originally
developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972
at AT & T Bell Lab, for the Unix
operating system.
History of ‘C’
Facts about ‘C’
 C was invented to write an operating system
called UNIX.
 C is a successor of B language which was
introduced around 1970
 The language was formalized in 1988 by the
American National Standard Institue (ANSI).
 By 1973 UNIX OS almost totally written in C.
 Today C is the most widely used System
Programming Language.
Body structure or Program
Structure of ‘C’
Documentation Section
 It consist set of comments given by the
author, programmer or users.
 This section can have the detail about
the program. the details can be program
definition, programmers name, date,
expected output etc…
 Eg.
 //write a program to calculate simple
interest
Link Section
 This section provides instructions
to the complier to link functions
from the system library.
 Here, we can link the header files
like stdio, conio, string, math etc…
 Eg.
 #include<stdio.h>
Definition Section
 It contains all the symbolic
constants.
 To declare symbolic constant we
have to use #define preprocessor
directives.
 Eg.
 #define pi 3.14
Global Declaration Section
 There are some variables that are used
in more than one function, such
variable are known as global variables.
 We can access global variables in main
functions as well as subprograms.
 Eg.
 int a =10;
main() function section
 every ‘C’ program must have main() function.
 The actual logic will be put over here.
 It has two parts:
 Declaration Part:
 Here we can declare the local variables.
 Eg.
 int a =10;
 float b=12.2;

 Execution Part:
 In this part we can perform any logic, calculations etc.
 Eg.
 C=a+b;
 Temp=a;
Subprogram section
 It contains one or more User
Defined Functions(UDF).
/*
NAME : ABC XYZ
DATE : 17/10/2020
PROGRAM : BASIC PROGRAM STRUCTURE */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

#define pi 3.14

int a=10;

void main()
{
int x=10,y=20,c=0;
c=x+y;
printf("%d",c);
getch();
}

void add()
{
...
...

...
}
Comment
 Those statement which are not executable.

 Ignore by compiler.

 Used : To provide information about lines of code and for

documenting code.

 There are 2 types of comments in the C language.

 Single Line Comments ( // )
 Multi-Line Comments (/* …… */)
Working of C Program
 C is a Complied programming language.
 Source files object files
1. Editing
Write/ edit the source code.
2. Compiling
3. Linking
4. Loading
Concepts of Editor, Interpreter
and Compiler
Compiler
 Converts High-level programming language to
machine level language.
 It will not fix errors. So if you make mistake,
you need to make changes in the syntax of
program.

Source Code Compiler Machine Code Output

Interpreter
 Converts High-level programming language to
machine level language.
 It includes source code, pre-compiled code, and
scripts.
 Do the same job as compiler.
 But compiler will convert the source code into
machine code (create an exe) before program
run. Interpreter converts source code into
machine code when program is run.

Source Code Interpreter Output

Editor
 TurboC editor
1.2.2 Character Set, concepts of
variables and constants
Character Set
 A set of characters that are allowed to
use in computer program is known as
Character Set.
 The following character sets are
available in ‘C’ programming Language.
A. Alphabets
B. Numbers or Digits
C. Special Characters
D. White Space Characters
A. Alphabets
 A,B,C,D….Z
 a,b,c,d….z
B. Numbers or Digits
 0,1,2,3,4….9
 C. Special Characters
- Minus + plus * asterisk

/ forward slash \ back slash ( Left parenthesis

) right parenthesis , comma ; semicolon

: colon $ dollar sign . dot operator

> greater than < less than = equal to

“ quotation mark ? question mark ! exclamation mark

| vertical bar ~ tilde _ underscore

^ caret [ opening square bracket ] closing square bracket

{ opening curly bracket } closing curly bracket # has sign

@ at symbol & ampersand ‘ apostrophe

% percentage sign
D. White Space characters
 Blank Space
 Horizontal Tab
 New Line
 Carriage Return
 Form Feed
 1.2.3 Identifiers, literals,
Key words
 Token:
 Smallest individual element or unit ‘C’ is
known as Token.
Keywords:
 Keywords are predefined, reserved
words used in programming that have
special meanings to the compiler.
 auto double int struct

break else long switch

case enum register typedef

char extern return union

continue for signed void

do if static while

default goto sizeof volatile

const float short unsigned

Identifiers
 Identifiers refers to name of constants,
variables, functions, structures.
 Rules:
 First character must be alphabets or
underscore.
 Must be consists letters, digits and
underscore.
 Only 31 characters are significant.
 Cannot use keyword.
 Must not contain white space.
Examples:
 stud
 tot
 stud_name
 per
Constants OR Literals
 The fixed values are also
called literals.
 Constants are those whose values will
not change during program
executions.
 To declare constant ‘const’ keyword
will be used.
 Types of Constants:
1. Integer Constants
2. Real Constants
3. Character Constants
4. String Constants
Integer Constants
 Whole numbers without any fractional
part.
 Must have at least one digit and may
contain + or – sign.
 Types of Integer Constants:
1. Decimal Integer Constants
2. Octal Integer Constants
3. Hexadecimal Integer Constants
1. Decimal Integer Constants:
 Consisting set of digits, o through 9,
preceded by an optional + or – sign.
 Example : 545, -17, 0, 100

2. Octal Integer Constants:

 Consisting set of digits, o through 7,
starting with 0.
 Example : 010, 0424, 0, 0540.
3. Hexadecimal Integer Constants:
 Consisting set of digits, preceded by
0x or 0X.
 Example : 0xD, 0X8d, 0X, 0xbD.

Note : Octal and Hexadecimal integer

constants are rarely used in
programming.
Real Constants
 The numbers having fractional parts are called
real or floating point constants.
 Represented in one two forms called
fractional form and exponential form and
have + or – sign.
 Example : 0.05, -0.905, 502.05, 0.015
 Representing real constant in exponent
form : mantissa e exponent
 Mantissa must be either integer or real number.
 e / E separating mantissa and exponent.
 Exponent must be an integer.
 Example : 252E85, 0.15E-10, -3e+8
Character Constants
 Contains single character enclosed
within single quotes.
 Example : ‘a’, ‘Z’, ‘5’
 Character constants have numerical
values known as ASCII value. For
example value of ‘A’ is 65.
Escape Characters/ Escape
Sequences
 C allows us to create non-graphic
characters in character constants.
 Non-graphic characters are those
characters that cannot be typed directly
form keyboard, for example, tabs,
carriage return, etc.
 Non-graphic characters can be
represented by a backslash(\) followed
by one or more characters.
Escape Sequence Description
\a Audible alert(bell)
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal Tab
\v Vertical Tab
\\ Backslash
\” Double quotation mark
\’ Single quotation mark
\? Question mark
Null
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
const int a=10;
const float pi=3.14;
clrscr();
a=20;
pi=31.4;
printf("%d",a);
printf("%f",pi);
getch();
}
Strings:
 Strings are set of characters which
can be alphabets, digits or special
characters.
 Example:
 “VNSGU”
 “FYBCA- THE Great Class”
 “vnsgu.ac.in”
Special Symbols:
 ‘C’ is having large number of Special
symbols or special characters.
 Eg: $,#,@,!,^,& etc…
 Braces{ }
 Parentheses( )
 Brackets[ ]
Operators
 An operators are symbols that tells the
compiler to perform specific mathematical or
logical functions.
 C language is rich in built-in operators.
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Conditional Operators
Variable
 A variable is a name of the memory
location.
 It is used to store data.
 Its value can be changed, and it can
be reused many times.
Syntax to declare variable
 type variable_name;

 type variable1_name, variable2_name;

 Example :
 int a;
 float b,c,d;
 char c;
 Rules for defining variables:
 First character must be alphabets or
underscore.
 Must be consists letters, digits and
underscore.
 Only 31 characters are significant.
 Cannot use keyword.
 Must not contain white space.
1.2.4 Data types (signed and unsigned) (Numeric :
int, short int, long, float,
double) , (Character type: char, string) and void.

 Data types simply refers to the type

and size of data associated with
variables.
 The type of a variable determines
how much space it occupies in
storage.
Sr. No. Types and Description
1. Basic Types
•Integer types
•Floating-point types
2. Enumerated Types
•Used to define variables that represents a group of
constants.
3. Void
•Indicates no value is available.
4. Derived Types
•Pointer types
•Array types
•Structure types
•Union types
•Function types
Integer type
 Integers are used to store whole
numbers.
Type Size(bytes) Range Format
Specifier
int or signed int 2 -32,768 to %d
32767
unsigned int 2 0 to 65535 %d
short int or 1 -128 to 127 %d
signed short int
unsigned short 1 0 to 255 %d
int
long int or 4 -2,147,483,648 %ld or %l
signed long int to 2,147,483,647
unsigned long 4 0 to %u
int 4,294,967,295
 Floating point type
 Floating types are used to store real
numbers.

Type Size(byte Range Format

s) Specifier

float 4 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 %f

double 8 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 %lf

long double 10 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 %lf

Character type
 Character types are used to store
character’s value.
Type Size(byte Range Format
s) Specifier

char or signed 1 -128 to 127 %c

char

unsigned char 1 0 to 255 %c

void type
 void type means no value.
 This is usually used to specify the
type of functions which returns
nothing.
 1.2.5 Concepts of source code,
object code and executable code
 Entire user Written Program is known as
Source Code.
 Source code is the fundamental component of
a computer program that is created by a
programmer.
 When a programmer types a sequence
of C programming language statements into
Windows Notepad, for example, and saves the
sequence as a text file, the text file is said to
contain the source code.
 The Extension of Source code is ‘.c’
Object Code:
 Object code is the output of a
compiler after it processes
source code.
 It is Compiled ‘C’ code.
 The Extension of Object code is
‘.obj’
Executable Code:
 Executable (also called the
Binary) is the output of a
linker after it processes the object
code. A machine code file can be
immediately executable (i.e.,
runnable as a program).
 The Extension of executable code
is ‘.exe’.