Gross Anatomy of the Pleura and
Lungs Department of Anatomy
Presented by:
46. Basudha Dey
47. Isa Narzary
49. Sanskruti Gophane
50. Rohit Kumar Sinha
51. Madhurima Baidya
52. Arif-Ul Haque
53. Bibek Dey
54. Arghya Debnath
Pleura
Pleura is a double layered membrane that invests both lungs,
lies on either side of the mediastinum within the chest cavity.
Consists of:
1. Parietal layer : Lines the thoracic wall, covers the thoracic
surface of diaphragm & lateral aspect of mediastinum &
extends into root of neck.
2. Visceral layer : Completely covers the outer surfaces of the
lungs & extends into the depth of the interlobar fissures .
Pleural Membranes: Types
Parietal Pleura: Related to Thoracic Wall
Cervical Costal Mediastinal Diaphragmatic
pleura pleura pleura pleura
Visceral Pleura: Adherent to Lung tissue.
Parietal Pleura Divisions
Pleural Cavity & Pleural Fluid
Pleural Cavity: Potential space between
Visceral and Parietal pleura.
Pleural fluid: Serous fluid with
hyaluronan and proteins.
Potential Spaces of Pleural
Cavity
Costodiaphragmatic recesses: Lie between
costal and diaphragmatic pleurae. Larger and
most dependent recesses.
Costomediastinal recesses: Lie between costal
and mediastinal pleurae. Left recess is larger than
right due to cardiac notch of left lung.
Potential Spaces of Pleural Cavity
Clinical
Anatomy
Pleurisy: Inflammation of pleura.
Fluid collects in pleural cavity.
This is calledas Pleural effusion.
Pneumothorax: Presence of air in
pleural cavity.
Lung
The lungs are a pair ofsrespiratory organs situated in
thoracic cavity.
Texture: The lungs are spongy in texture
Colour: In young the colour is brown or grey, gradually
become black due to carbon deposition.
Weight: Right lung weighs about 700g. Left lung weighs
about 600g.
Lungs
External Features: Each lung has a blunt apex. Concave base
sits on diaphragm
Surfaces: Costal surface correspond to the chest.
Medial surface is divided into vertebral and
mediastinal part.
Borders: Anterior border of left lung is thin &
overlaps the
heart, it shows cardiac notch Posterior border is thick
rounded & lies beside the vertebral column.
Fissures: Horizontal and oblique on right and only
oblique on
left.
Lobes: Right lobe- Superior, middle and inferior.
Left lobe- Superior and inferior.
Lateral view of lungs
Mediastinal
surfaces
Mediastinal surface of the right lung has pear-
shaped depression, the hilum (doorway) of the lung
near the center of this surface, containing the
pulmonary vessels and bronchi that constitute the
root of the lung, through which structures enter the
lung. At the hilum, the pulmonary veins lie most
anteriorly and inferiorly and that the bronchus is
central and posteriorly placed.
Right
Lung
Mediastinal surface of the left lung. Near the center, the
hilum of the lung and its contents comprises the root. At the
hilum of the left lung, the pulmonary veins lie most anteriorly
and inferiorly, and the bronchus is central and posterior, as in
the right lung. However, in the hilum of the left lung, the
pulmonary artery is the most superior component of the root
of the lung. Continuation of parietal pleura with visceral
pleura surrounding the root and forms the pulmonary
ligament descending from the root. The area of contact of the
trachea and esophagus and the grooves for the arch of the
aorta and descending aorta. Observe the large cardiac
impression.
Left
Lung
Blood
Arterial supply: It supply
is majorly done by-
Bronchial arteries: Supply oxygenated blood
Pulmonary arteries: Supply deoxygenated blood.
Venous supply: It is done by-
Bronchial veins: The venous blood from first and second divisions of bronchi is
carried by bronchial veins. Usually there are 2 bronchial veins: Right bronchial
vein drain into Azygous vein and left bronchial vein drain into Accessory
hemiazygous vein.
Pulmonary vein: Oxygenated blood is supplied from each lung by them.
Nerve
supply
Pulmonary plexus composed of autonomic
nerve fibers of sympathetic &
parasympathetic (Vagus) both
Lymph Drainage
Two sets are present
Superficial: Drains the surface of the lungs
Deep: Drains bronchial tree, pulmonary vessels & CT.
Lymph drain into bronchomediastinal trunk & finally
to thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct or
brachiocephalic veins.
Clinical
aspects
Emphysema: It is abnormal permanent dilatation of
airway distal to terminal bronchiole. Cigarette
smoking and air pollution is major causing agents.
Bronchogenic carcinoma: Most commonly seen
cancer in men due to smoking.
Asthma: Common disease of respiratory system
occurring due to spasm of smooth muscle in the walls
of bronchiole. Accompanied by wheezing.
Thank you
