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Lecture 11

The document reviews key programming concepts including dictionaries, tuples, and file processing in Python. It explains how to handle files using the open() function, different file modes, and the importance of exception handling in programming. Additionally, it emphasizes best practices like defensive programming and unit testing.

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naodmelaku.1968
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6 views39 pages

Lecture 11

The document reviews key programming concepts including dictionaries, tuples, and file processing in Python. It explains how to handle files using the open() function, different file modes, and the importance of exception handling in programming. Additionally, it emphasizes best practices like defensive programming and unit testing.

Uploaded by

naodmelaku.1968
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Structure

Review: Dictionary

A dictionary is a mapping between KEYS


and set of Values.

key-value pair
Review

>>> eng2sp[‘one’] = ‘uno’


>>> print(eng2sp)
{'one': 'uno'}
Tuples
Tuples

 a sequence of values

 are indexed by integers

>>> t = ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’


Tuples

 Tuples are Immutable

>>> t = (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’)


Tuples

>>> t1 = ()

>>> t2 = (1)
(1,)
Tuple Assignment

a, b = 2, 3
Return values

def divmod(a,b):
return a//b, a%b
Dictionaries & Tuples

>>> d = {‘a’: 12, ‘b’: 18}

>>> t = d.items()

[(‘b’,18),(‘a’,12)]
Looping

for key, value in d.items():


print(key, ‘==>’, value)
Files
Lab07: File and Exceptions
Software What
Next?
Central
Input
and
Processin
Output
g
Devices
Unit
if x< 3:
Secondary
print Memory

Main
Memory
Persistence?

 Programs we wrote so far: Transient

 Others: Persistent

 Web servers

 Operating Systems
File

Every computer system uses FILES to


save things from one computation to
the other
File Processing

Simplest way for programs to maintain


their data is by reading and writing text
files
File processing

Each operating system comes with its


own file system for creating and
accessing files but Python achieves
OS-independence by accessing files
through something called FILE
HANDLE.
Opening a File

Before we can read/write the contents of


the file we must tell Python which file we
are going to work with and what we will be
doing with the file
Opening a File

 This is done with the open() function

 open() returns a “file handle” - a

variable used to perform operations on


the file
open()
handle = open(filename, mode)

filename is a string
mode is optional and should be 'r' if we are
planning reading the file and 'w' if we are
going to write to the file
returns a handle use to manipulate the file
open modes
r
w
a
 rb
 wb
Text file processing

A text file can be thought of as a sequence

of lines
A text file has newlines at the end of each

line
File handle as a sequence
A file handle open for read can be treated as a
sequence of strings where each line in the file
is a string in the sequence
We can use the for statement to iterate through
a sequence
Remember - a sequence is an ordered set
File handle as a sequence

xfile = open('mbox.txt‘, ‘r’)


for line in xfile:
print(line)
xfile.close()
open()
mode read(‘r’) mode write(‘w’)
fh.read() fh.write(s)
fh.readline() fh.writelines(l)
fh.readlines()
close()
IOError: [Errno 2]

>>> fhand = open('stuff.txt')


Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IOError: [Errno 2]

No such file or directory: 'stuff.txt'


PermissionError: [Errno 13]

>>> fout = open('/etc/passwd', 'w')

PermissionError: [Errno 13]

Permission denied: '/etc/passwd'


Exception

 Exception is ‘something that does not

conform to the norm’


 The error message: STACK TRACEBACK

or TRACEBACK
Exceptions

 Exceptions are RUN TIME ERRORS

 Unhandled exception: an exception that

causes a program to terminate… raise


Exception Handling
 Dealing with the exception

Code that may raise an exception


try:
<body>
except <exceptionType>:
<handle>
Sample code

success_failure_ratio = num_success/num_failure

print(‘success/failure = ’, success_failure_ratio)

What problem do you anticipate?


Division by zero
try:

success_failure_ratio = num_success/num_failure

print(‘success/failure = ’, success_failure_ratio)
except IOError:
ZeroDivisionError:
print(‘Division by zero’)
Back to opening file
try:
open(file_name, ‘r’)
except IOError:
print(‘File’, file_name, ‘does not exist’)
The try ... except Clause
try:
<body>
except <exceptionType1>:
<handle1>
except <excetpionType2> as e:
<handle2>
finally:
<finalize_process>
Best practices
Defensive programming
x,y = eval(input(‘Enter integers x,y for the ratio x/y: ’)
try:
print(‘x,y = ’, x/y)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(‘File’, file_name, ‘does not exist’)
except:
raise ValueError(‘Bad Arguments’)
Defensive programming
x,y = eval(input(‘Enter x,y for the ratio x/y: ’)
assert type(x)==int and type(y) == int
try:
print(‘x,y = ’, x/y)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print(‘File’, file_name, ‘does not exist’)
Unit testing

if __name__ == ‘__main__’:
test()

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