Chapter 6

CLINT-SERVER COMPUTING
 Client/Server computing
 Client/Server: used to describe a computing model for the development of computerized
systems.

 This model is based on the distribution of functions between two types of independent and
autonomous processors: servers and clients.

 Client and server processes can reside in the same computer or in different computers
connected by a network.

 When Client and Server processes on two or more independent computers on a network,
the Server can provide services for more than one Client.
Cont…
 In addition, a client can request services from several servers on the network without
regard to the location or the physical characteristics of the computer in which the
Server process resides.

 These days many web pages are not served from static files on the hard drive. Instead,
the server generates them dynamically to meet user requests.
 The content may be pulled from a database or generated algorithmically by a program.
 In Java, server-side programs are written using servlets or Java Server Pages (JSP).

 They can also be written with other languages, such as C and Perl, or other frameworks,
such as ASP and PHP.
Cont…
 Client/Server Architecture
 The client/Server architecture is based on hardware and software components that interacts
to form a system.
 This system includes three main components:
(i) Hardware (client and server).

(ii) Software (which make hardware operational).

(iii) Communication middleware. (associated with a network which are used to link
the hardware and software).
cont…
 The client is any computer process that requests services from server. The client uses the
services provided by one or more server processors.

 The client is also known as the front-end application, reflecting that the end user usually
interacts with the client process.

 The server is any computer process providing the services to the client and also supports
multiple and simultaneous clients requests.

 The server is also known as back-end application, reflecting the fact that the server
process provides the background services for the client process.
 Cont…
 The communication middleware is any computer process through which client and
server communicate.
 Middleware is used to integrate application programs and other software components in a
distributed environment.
 Also known as communication layer, that aids the transmission of data and control
information between Client and Server.
 Communication middleware is usually associated with a network.
Cont…

 Client
 Server
 Sometimes on  Always on
 Initiates a request to the server when Not initiate contact with the clients
interested
 Serve services to many clients
E.g., web browser
E.g.,www.dbu.com
 Needs to know the server’s address
 Needs a fixed address
Cont…
 Print Server
 This machine manages user access to the shared output devices, such as printers.
 Print services can run on a file server or on one or more separate print server machines.
 Application Server
 This machine manages access to centralized application software; for example, a shared
database.
 When the user requests information from the database, the application server processes
the request and returns the result of the process to the user.
 Mail Server
 This machine manages the flow of electronic mail, messaging, and communication with
mail server systems on large-scale networks.
 Cont…
 Fax Server

 Provides the facility to send and receive the Faxes through a single network connection.
 The Fax server can be a workstation with an installed FAX board designed for Fax
Services.
 This machine manages flow of fax information to and from the network
 Web Server
 This machine stores and retrieves Internet (and intranet) data for the enterprise. Some
documents, data, reside on web servers.
 Web application provides access to documents and other data.
 “Thin” clients typically use a web browser to request those documents.
 Cont….
 Database Server
 Data resides on server, in the form of a SQL database. Database server provides access
to data to clients, in response to SQL requests.
 It shares the data residing in a database across a network.
 Transaction Servers
 The Server provides access to high level functions, and implements efficient transaction
processing.
 It shares data and high level functions across a network.
 Transaction servers are often used to implement Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
in high-performance applications.
 Web Technology
 The Internet and expanded network connectivity established Client/Server models as the
preferred form of distributed computing.
 When talking about Client/Server models of network communication using web services
the broadest components of this paradigm become the web browser (functioning as the
client) and web server.

 At the most basic level, the process for web communication works as follows:
 A computer runs a web browser that allows it to request, communicate and display HTML
documents (web pages).

 Web browsers are the software applications that allow users to access and view these web
pages and they run on individual computers.
Cont…
 After typing in the URL and pressing return, the request is sent to a server machine that
runs the web server.
 The web server is the program that delivers the files that make up web pages.

 Every web site or computer that creates a web site requires a web server.

 The most popular web server program is Apache.

 The server machine then returns the requested web page.

Cont…

Information Exchange between User and a Web-based Database

 Cont…

Step1: The user types in a URL or fills out a form or submits a search on a Web page and
clicks the Submit button.
Step 2: The browser sends the user’s query from the browser to the Web server, which
passes it on to a CGI script.
Step 3: The CGI script loads a library that lets it talk to an SQL database server, and it uses
that library to send SQL commands to the database server.
Step 4: The database server executes the SQL commands and sends the request information
to the CGI script.
Step 5: The CGI(common get interface) script generates an HTML document and writes the
HTML document to the Web server.
Step 6: The Web server sends the HTML page back to the remote user.
 Sockets
 A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication link between two programs
running on the network.
 A socket is a connection to another machine. A server will listen for connections on a
particular port.

 From the server side, the input stream is read to get commands from the client and the
output stream is used to write results back to the client.

 From the client side, the output stream is used to write commands to the server and the
input stream is used to read the results from the server.
 Cont…
 A socket consists of
 Local socket address: Local IP address and service port number
 Remote socket address: Only for established TCP sockets
 Protocol: A transport protocol, e.g., TCP or UDP.

 A socket address is the combination of an IP address and service port number.

 API is an application programming interface (API), usually provided by the operating
system.
 API:- defines interface between application and transport layer
 A socket API (Internet API) :-two processes communicate by sending data into socket,
reading data out of socket.
Service ports
 Computers often communicate more than one type of service or to talk to multiple
hosts/computers at a time
 Ports are used to distinguish these services
 Each service offered by a computer is identified by a port number
 Some ports have been reserved to support common services
 FTP: 21
 HTTP: 80
 Telnet :23
 Socket programming
 A server runs on a specific computer and has a socket that is bound to a specific port
number.
 The server just waits, listening to the socket for a client to make a connection request.
 On the client-side: The client knows the hostname of the machine on which the server is
running and the port number on which the server is listening.
 The client also needs to identify itself to the server so it binds to a local port number that it
will use during this connection, that is assigned by the system.
Cont..
 Socket enable communication between two program running the same JVM or different
JVMs.
 Server socket is associated with a number called port number.
 In order to access a server socket, client socket has to provide the name of the machine
on which server socket runs and the port number at which server socket listens.

 Port number is an integer to uniquely identify each server socket on the system.
 Name of the system and port number uniquely identify server socket in the network.
 Once you established a connection with socket.
 You can take Inputstream to read data from socket and Outputstream to write data to
socket.
Cont…
Client Socket :
 Socket is a listener through which computer can receive requests and send respond.
 The listener of a client system is called socket.
 Socket class represent a client socket. A client socket connects to a server socket, which
is created using serversocket calss.
 Address of server is specified either by using IP address or the name of the computer.
Server socket:
 The listener of server system is called server socket
 Create a server socket with the given port number.
 A server socket waits for a request to come from clients and process the request.
 Functions in socket programming
socket() :create the socket descriptor
bind() :associate the local address
 • Returns 0 on success, and -1 if an error occurs
listen() :wait for incoming connections from clients
 Returns 0 on success, and -1 on error
accept() :accept incoming connection
 Returns descriptor for a new socket for this connection
read(),write() :communicate with client
close() :close the socket descriptor
Cont…
 Multithreading
 Multitasking:- Executing multiple task at a time is called multitasking.
E.g While typing a program we can download a file, we can listen music.
Types of Multitasking
1. Process based multitasking
2. Thread based multitasking
 Process based multitasking:- Executing multiple tasks simultaneous is called process
based multitasking, here each task is a separate independent process.
E.g While typing java program we can listen song and the same time we can download a file
from net, all this task executing simultaneously and there is no relationship between these
tasks.
 All task have their own independent address space.
 Cont…
 Thread based multitasking:- Executing multiple tasks concurrently is called thread
based multitasking, here each task is a separate independent part of a single process.
 This type of multitasking is developed at programmatic level
 Sequential execution:- means single thread execution
 Take more time to complete all method of execution
 Concurrent execution:- means multithreading execution
 Take less time to complete all method execution
 Executing multiple task in “start----suspend-----resume-----end” fashion is called
concurrent execution.
 In concurrent execution both tasks are started at different point of time and one task is
paused while other task is executing.
 Cont…
 Thread:
 A thread is a code that can act independently of any other code within an application.
 The piece of code is usually started by another code, but once it is started, it runs
independently of the original caller, and controls its own destiny.
 A thread is an independent sequential flow of execution
 It executes methods in sequence one after one.
 Multithreading:
 It is the process of creating multiple threading to executing multiple tasks concurrently to
finish their execution in short time by using process ideal time effectively.
 In multithreading based programming CPU ideal time is utilized effectively.
 Multithreading is light weight because switching between context is fast because each
thread is stored in same address.