IPv4 versus IPv6
M.Manoj, RTTC faculty
IP address
Internet identifier including information about how to reach a location(via the Internet routing system)
IP = Internet Protocol
Public infrastructure addresses
Every device must have an IP address Every globally-reachable address is unique
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IPv4 addressing -classful
When IP was first standardized in Sep 1981, each system attached to the IP based Internet had to be assigned a unique 32-bit address The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves a two level addressing hierarchy
Network Number/Prefix
Host Number
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IPv4 addressing-classful
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IP address conservation
Subnetting Classless Inter Domain Routing(CIDR) Private IPs and Public IPs Network Address Translation(NAT)
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Subnetting
Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet, and host. The extended-network-prefix is composed of the classful network-prefix and the subnetnumber The extended-network-prefix has traditionally been identified by the subnet mask
Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing(CIDR)
Eliminates traditional classful IP routing. Supports the deployment of arbitrarily sized networks Routing information is advertised with a bit mask/prefix length specifies the number of
leftmost contiguous bits in the network portion of each routing table entry
Example: 192.168.0.0/21
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
Route summarization done by CIDR
Routes are summarized with masks that are less than that of the default classful mask Example: 172.16.0.0 / 13 is the summarized route for the 172.16.0.0 / 16 to 172.23.0.0 / 16 classful networks
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Network Address Translation
Network Address Translation A NAT box located where the LAN meets the Internet makes all necessary IP address translations. NAT box: a , router , that modifies the IP address Looks at UDP and TCP ports for packet forwarding
LAN
IPv 4 NAT box Internet
LAN Internet 10.2.3.10 udp 1029 128.178.99.3 udp 3441 10.2.3.11 udp 1029 128.178.99.3 udp 3442
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Limitations of NATs
Needs to look inside the packets ICMP, DNS must also be translated Not fully transparent-it is a hack Cannot install server port behind NAT Does not scale to very large networks Exact match instead of longest prefix match Does not work in multi-homed networks
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IPv4 and IPv6
IP version
Deployed Address Size
IPv4
1981 32-bit number
IPv6
1999 128-bit number
Address Format
Number of Addresses Examples of Prefix Notation
Dotted Decimal Notation: 192.0.2.76
232 = 4,294,967,296 192.0.2.0/24 10/8
Hexadecimal Notation: 2001:0DB8:0234:AB00: 0123:4567:8901:ABCD
2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463, 463,374,607,431,768,211,456 2001:0DB8:0234::/48 2600:0000::/12
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IPv6 datagram
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IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison
IPv4 Header
Version IHL Type of Service Total Length
IPv6 Header
Fragment Offset
Version Traffic Class
Flow Label
Identification Time to Live Protocol
Flags
Header Checksum Payload Length
Source Address Destination Address
Options Padding
Next Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
- fields name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 - fields not kept in IPv6 - Name & position changed in IPv6 - New field in IPv6
Destination Address
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Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6
Feature Address length IPSec support QoS support Fragmentation Packet size Checksum in header Options in header IPv4 32 bits Optional Some Hosts and routers 576 bytes Yes Yes IPv6 128 bits Required Better Hosts only 1280 bytes No No
Link-layer address resolution
Multicast membership Router Discovery
ARP (broadcast)
IGMP Optional
Multicast Neighbor Discovery Messages
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Required
Uses broadcasts
Configuration DNS name queries DNS reverse queries
Yes
Manual, DHCP Uses A records Uses IN-ADDR.ARPA
No
Automatic, DHCP Uses AAAA records Uses IP6.INT
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Any TCPv6 ?
No, TCP remains unchanged A program that uses TCP or UDP socket must be modified the IP address format is different Is there Ethernetv6 or WiFiv6 ? No, Ethernet and IEEE 802.11 (and all layer 2 protocols) remain unaffected ICMP, DNS must be modified ICMPv6 is the version of ICMP that handles IPv6 error messages Eliminates ARP and RARP in IPv4 Replaces IGMPv4 with MLD DNS remains the same but handles new record formats An A record maps a name to an IPv4 address A AAAA maps a name to an IPv6 address
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Extension header format
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IPv6 Header Options (RFC 2460)
IPv6 Header Next Header = TCP TCP Header + Data
IPv6 Header Next Header = Routing
Routing Header Next Header = TCP
TCP Header + Data
IPv6 Header Next Header = Routing
Routing Header Next Header = Fragment
Fragment Header Next Header = TCP
Fragment of TCP Header + Data
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IPv6 Header Options (RFC2460)
Currently defined Headers should appear in the following order
IPv6 header Hop-by-Hop Options header Destination Options header Routing header Fragment header Authentication header (RFC 1826) Encapsulating Security Payload header (RFC 1827) Destination Options header upper-layer header
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IPv6 -Fragmentation
IPv4
Intermediate router fragments datagram when necessary Ultimate destination reassembles
IPv6 - end-to-end fragmentation
Before sending a datagram, source must determine the paths MTU Source fragments the datagram Ultimate destination reassembles
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IPv6 and Path MTU Discovery
Definitions:
link MTU path MTU a links maximum transmission unit the minimum MTU of all the links in a path between a source and a destination
Minimum link MTU for IPv6 is 1280 octets
Implementations are expected to perform path MTU discovery to send packets bigger than 1280 octets:
for each destination, start by assuming MTU of first-hop link if a packet reaches a link in which it cannot fit, will invoke ICMP packet too big message to source, reporting the links MTU; MTU is cached by source for specific destination
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Thanks
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