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Control Structures 1

The document covers control structures in C programming, focusing on branching, conditional operators, and looping constructs. It explains nested if statements, switch-case statements, and the use of while, do-while, and for loops. Additionally, it includes examples and tutorial questions to apply these concepts in programming.

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0 views46 pages

Control Structures 1

The document covers control structures in C programming, focusing on branching, conditional operators, and looping constructs. It explains nested if statements, switch-case statements, and the use of while, do-while, and for loops. Additionally, it includes examples and tutorial questions to apply these concepts in programming.

Uploaded by

ashiazz217
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTROL

STRUCTURES
EST 102 PROGRAMMING IN C
MODULE II
CONTROL STRUCTURES
• When we run a program, the statements are executed in

the order in which they appear in the program.


BRANCHING
Nested if
• If we write an entire if-else construct within either the

body of the if statement or the body of an else statement.


• This is called ‘nesting’ of ifs.
Nested if

• It is indented to add
clarity to the program
Question?(Use Nested if)
• The marks obtained by a student in 5 different subjects
are input through the keyboard. The student gets a
division as per the following rules:
• Percentage above or equal to 60 - First division
• Percentage between 50 and 59 - Second division
• Percentage between 40 and 49 - Third division
• Percentage less than 40 - Fail
• Write a program to calculate the division obtained by the
student.
Tutorial Question?
• A company insures its drivers in the following cases:
• − If the driver is married.
• − If the driver is unmarried, male & above 30 years of age.
• − If the driver is unmarried, female & above 25 years of
age.
• In all other cases the driver is not insured. If the marital
status, sex and age of the driver are the inputs, write a
program to determine whether the driver is to be insured
or not.
Tutorial Question?
• Write a program to calculate the salary as per the
following table:
Conditional Operators
• They are called Ternary operators since they take three

arguments.
• General form is:

• expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3

• “if expression 1 is true (that is, if its value is non-zero),

then the value returned will be expression 2, otherwise


the value returned will be expression 3”
Conditional Operator
• int x, y ;
• scanf ( "%d", &x ) ;
•y=(x>5?3:4);

• This statement will store 3 in y if x is greater than 5,

otherwise it will store 4 in y.


Conditional Operator
• char a ;
• int y ;
• scanf ( "%c", &a ) ;
• y = ( a >= 65 && a <= 90 ? 1 : 0 ) ;

• Here 1 would be assigned to y if a >=65 && a <=90

evaluates to true, otherwise 0 would be assigned.


Conditional Operator
• int i ;
• scanf ( "%d", &i ) ;
• ( i == 1 ? printf ( "Amit" ) : printf ( "All and sundry" ) ) ;

• char a = 'z' ;
• printf ( "%c" , ( a >= 'a' ? a : '!' ) ) ;

• int big, a, b, c ;
• big = ( a > b ? ( a > c ? 3: 4 ) : ( b > c ? 6: 8 ) ) ;
Question?
• Write a program to find the greatest of the three numbers

entered through the keyboard using conditional operators.


SWITCH
 The Case Control Structure
Decisions Using switch
• The control statement that allows us to make a decision

from the number of choices is called a switch, or more


correctly a switch-case-default.
Switch case
Switch case - break
Flowchart
Switch
LOOPING
 This involves repeating some portion of the program either a

specified number of times or until a particular condition is


being satisfied.
LOOPING
• The C language provides three constructs for performing

loop operations.
• They are:

1. The while statement


2. The do statement
3. The for statement.
THE while STATEMENT
• entry-controlled loop statement.

• The test-condition is evaluated and if the condition is true,

then the body of the loop is executed.


• This process of repeated execution of the body continues

until the test-condition finally becomes false and the


control is transferred out of the loop.
• On exit, the program continues with the statement

immediately after the body of the loop.


THE while STATEMENT
Flowchart Example
THE while STATEMENT
Syntax Example

• int main()
• {
• int i=1;
• while(i<=10)
• {
• printf("%d \n",i);
• i++;
• }
• return 0;
• }
Question?
• W.A.P to print numbers
from 1 to 5?
Output?

infinite while loop


Increment ++ and Decrement -- Operator

• the increment

operator ++ increases
the value of a variable
by 1.
• x=x+1;
Increment ++ and Decrement -- Operator

• the decrement

operator -- decreases
the value of a variable
by 1.
• x=x-1;
++ and -- operator as prefix and postfix

• If you use the + • If you use the +

+ operator as a prefix + operator as a postfix


like: ++var, the value like: var++, the original
of var is incremented value of var is returned
by 1; then it returns the first; then var is
value. incremented by 1.
var++ vs ++var?
THE do while STATEMENT
• exit-controlled loop statement.

• the do-while tests the condition after having executed the

statements within the loop.


• It is executed till the condition remains true and the control

comes out of the loop when the condition becomes flase.


• do-while would execute its statements at least once, even if

the condition fails for the first time.


• There must be some loop terminating condition inside the body

of the loop to avoid infinite looping.


do while
Syntax Example
do while
• Flowchart
Example
Example
While vs do..while loop
Program?
• To find the sum of digits of a number.

• To print week days using do while and switch.


FOR LOOP
General Syntax and Flowchart

Flowchart

Example
/* Calculation of simple interest for 3 sets of p, n
and r */
/* Calculation of simple interest for 3 sets of p, n
and r */
For loop
• The most popular looping instruction.

• The for allows us to specify three things about a loop in a

single line:
• (a) Setting a loop counter to an initial value.

• (b) Testing the loop counter to determine whether its value

has reached the number of repetitions desired.


• (c) Increasing the value of loop counter each time the

program segment within the loop has been executed.


Program
Nested for loops
• Use for loop inside other for loops
• For loops can be used inside other control structures also
Factorial
• #include <stdio.h>int main(){ int num,fact,i; printf("\n Enter
the number to find the factorial:"); scanf("%d",&num);
if(num<0) printf("\n Factorial is not defined"); else {
fact=1; for(i=1 ;i<=num;i++) fact=fact*i;
printf("\n The factorial of %d is %d",num,fact);} return
0;}

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