COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
TEXT STRUCTURE
Learning Outcomes
• Identify compare and contrast text structures
in various reading passages.
• Differentiate between comparison and contrast
through analyzing text structure and;
• Compose a short comparison-contrast
paragraph on two topics, using appropriate
structure and signal words.
Have you ever tried to
decide about two things,
like which snack to buy
or which show to watch?
What helped you make
your decision?
TEXT STRUCTURE OF
EXPOSITORY TEXT
PROBLEM COMPARISON
SEQUENCE CAUSE &
AND & CONTRAST EFFECT
SOLUTION
What is Comparison and Contrast?
Shows how two or more things are
COMPARI
alike.
SON
Shows how two or more things are
contras
different.
t
Examples
Comparison Contrast
• Cats are independent, while dogs are social.
• Dogs are typically larger than cats, while
• Both dogs and cats are pet.
cats are generally smaller and more agile
• Both dogs and cats can be trained. than dogs.
• Both cats and dogs can be playful • Cats are quieter than dogs.
• Both cats and dogs provide • Dogs are typically more energetic and
companionship. require regular exercise, while cats are
more independent and less demanding.
Signal words for Comparison and Contrast
What is Signal Words?
Signal words is a word or
phrase that gives an idea
about what we might expect
and gives hints about what
is about to happen in what
you’re reading.
Examples of Signal Words
Comparison Contrast
• similarly
• both • however
• likewise • on the other hand
• but
• also
• although
• in the same way • unlike
• as well • while
• in common • in contrast to
• at the same time
TWO METHODS IN
WRITING COMPARISON
AND CONTRAST ESSAY
BLOCK METHOD POINT-BY-POINT
METHOD
Presents facts and all the
Describes first the
supporting details about
similarities of one
one topic followed by the
point of a topic with
facts and supporting
the point of the other
details about the topic.
topic.
ANALYZING VISUAL
ELEMENTS IN
INFORMATIVE TEXTS
WHAT ARE
VISUALS?
What are Visuals?
Visuals refer to any type of
image, graphic, or other
visual representation that is
used to convey information,
support a message, or
enhance understanding.
FORMATS OF
VISUALS
IMAGES
Photographs,
illustrations, or
drawings.
CHARTS AND GRAPHS
Bar charts, line graphs,
pie charts, and
histograms used to
represent data or
sratistics.
DIAGRAMS
Flowcharts,
organizational charts,
and Venn diagrams that
illustrate processes,
structures, or
relationships.
MAPS
Visual representations
of geographic locations
or data on a geographic
scale.
INFOGRAPHICS
A combination of text,
images, charts, and
data in a single graphic
designed to
communicate complex
information in an easy-
to-understand way.
VIDEOS
Moving visuals that may
include text, graphics,
or images to convey a
message or tell a story.
WHY ARE VISUALS
IMPORTANT?
Why are Visuals important?
• Clarify and Emphasizes
Ideas
Visuals provide clarity by
presenting information in a
format that is easier to
understand.
Why are Visuals important?
• Make information easier to
understand
Visual elements like graphs,
charts, and diagrams can
help the audience grasp
concepts more quickly.
Humans process visual
information faster than text.
HOW TO ANALYZE
VISUAL ELEMENTS?
STEP 1:
Identify the Type of Visual
Start by recognizing the visual
format--whether it’s a chart,
diagram, map, photo, infographic,
or video. This will help you
understand what type of
information the visual is
conveying.
Example: if it’s a pie chart, it’s likely
showing proportions or percentages.
STEP 2:
ook for Labels, Captions, or Heading
Labels and captions give context
to the visual elements. They
provide information about what
the visual represents, helping the
viewer make connections with the
main topic.
Example: “Percentage of people who prefer
cats vs. dogs”
STEP 3:
Connect the Visual to the Main Text
Ensure that the visual element is
directly tied to the content being
discussed. The visuals should
support the specific points being
made in the text.
Example: If the text highlights how cats are
independent while dogs are social, the visuals
(like bar graph) should show how each pet’s
SUMMARIZING
SIGNIFICANT
INFORMATION IN
COMPARISON-CONTRAST
WHAT IS
SUMMARIZING?
What is Summarizing Information
It is a way of distilling key points
from longer texts, especially
when comparing and
contrasting topics. The goal is to
capture the main ideas while
omitting unnecessary details.
STEPS TO SUMMARIZE
INFORMATION
STEP 1:
READ THE TEXT CAREFULLY
Whether it is a comparison of
two topics or any other subject,
understanding the material will
allow you to pick out the most
important details. This helps
ensure that nothing crucial is
missed in the summary.
STEP 2:
HIGHLIGHT KEY POINTS
Highlighting helps you focus on
the essential points that should
be included in the summary.
This allows you to distill the core
ideas that define each subject.
STEP 3:
WRITE A BRIEF SUMMARY IN YOUR OWN
WORDS
This involves rephrasing the highlighted
points in your own words while
maintaining the core message of the
original text. The summary should be
brief but comprehensive. Avoid copying
the text verbatim; instead, aim to
present the information in a consice
and clear manner.
ACTIVITY
BY PAIR
QUIZ
INDIVIDUAL
-END
