CRYOGENICS AND ITS SPACE APPLICATIONS Click to edit Master subtitle style
PRESENTED BY B.VENUGOPAL 08H51A0308
SEMINAR ON
AGENDA
Introduction Cryogenic liquids Concept of absolute zero Methods of producing cryogenic temperatures Cryogenic handling hazards cryogenics in space applications Adiabatic Demagnetization refrigerator working ADR components Advanced Adiabatic Demagnetization refrigerator X-RAY spectrometer Other applications Conclusion References
Introduction
What is cryogenics ?
Cryogenics is the study of how to attain low temperatures and how materials behave when these low temperatures are attained. Cryogenics deals with low temperatures, from about 100 Kelvin to absolute zero.
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Two gases often used in their liquid form as coolant are Liquid nitrogen Liquid oxygen Liquid Helium
Cryogenic Liquids
The boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77.4 K and triple point is 63.2 K. Liquid nitrogen is used in many cooling systems.
The boiling point of liquid Helium is 4.224 K. Helium does not freeze at atmospheric temperature. Only at pressures above 20 times atmospheric will solid helium will form.
Liquid Helium because of its low boiling point, is used in many cryogenic systems when temperatures below the boiling point of nitrogen is needed.
Concept Of Absolute Zero
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature that could ever be. The first clue to its existence came from the expansion and contraction of gases. Scientists noticed that for all gases the temperature for which they reached zero volume was about -273 Celsius. This temperature is known as absolute zero and is the zero for Kelvin temperature scale.
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V o l u m e
Absolute Zero
Temp(k)
Methods Of Producing Cryogenic Temperatures
Cryogenic conditions are produced by one of four basic techniques: Heat conduction, Evaporative cooling, Cooling by rapid expansion (the Joule-Thomson effect), and Adiabatic demagnetization.
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HEAT CONDUCTION
EVOPARATIVE COOLING
Cryotubes
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Adiabatic Demagnetization
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Cryogen Handling Hazards
Cold Burns Direct contact with cryogenic liquids and gases as well as surfaces at cryogenic temperatures can lead to massive damages of the skin ( cold burns) or even of tissues. The danger of cold burns is most prominent when handling open cryogen containers . Eyes and sensitive membranes are most at risk.
Cold Burns Means of protection and preventive measures
Safety garments which prevent the penetration of cryogenic liquids:
Eye Protection
Gloves of insulating and non combustible material which can be easily be removed high, tight fitting shoes trousers without turn-ups which overlap the shoes
Cryogenics In Space Applications
Sensors used in space applications should be very sensitive to catch even Many of these sensors must be cooled to lower temperature to have the
the weakest signals reaching us from the stars.
necessary sensitivity. Some of the examples are: Infrared Sensors Electronics X-rays
a)
b)
c)
Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR)
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ADR Components
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Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator
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Limitation of the ADR
The performance of the ADR decreases as the warm heat sink is raised. Hence a mechanical cooler cannot be used as the warm heat sink. Mechanical coolers small enough for satellite use can cool down only as far as 6 to 8 Kelvin. However it would be extremely convenient to use a mechanical cooler instead of a liquid helium bath. The liquid helium bath slowly evaporates, until it is completely gone.
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Advanced Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (AADR)
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Advantages of the AADR
Greater temperature range Mechanical cooler as heat sink Continuous cooling Lower weight
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X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS)
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Cryogenics In Rocket Engines
The higher thrust levels required for a rocket engines are achieved when liquid oxygen and liquid hydrocarbon are used in fuel. But at atmospheric condition ,and low molecular hydrocarbons are in gaseous state
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Other Applications
Electric power transmission in big cities Frozen Food Forward Looking Infrared(FLIR) Blood Banking Automobiles Heat treatment
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Conclusion
From this presentation it can be concluded that cryogenics can be applied to almost everywhere in every field . It finds its application in tooling industries, agricultural industries, medical, recycling, household, automobile industries. This field could be put to many other applications in various fields. Hence cryogenics proves to be promising for the future.
References
www.nasa.gov www.wikipedia.com Cryogenic engineering , BARREN
Queries...
Thank You
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