1.
Instrumentation circuits
2. Active Filters
1. Instrumentation Circuits
An op-amp application is in
instrumentation circuits such as dc or ac
voltmeters.
Instrumentation circuits using op-amps
are essential in measurement systems for
amplifying and conditioning low-level
signals.
1. Instrumentation Circuits: DC
Millivoltmeter
1. Instrumentation Circuits: DC
Millivoltmeter
The DC millivoltmeter uses an op amp
configured as an inverting amplifier to
drive a moving-coil meter.
The DC millivoltmeter accurately
measures very small DC voltages (in the
mV range).
The millivoltmeter converts the voltage
into current, which is then delivered to
the meter movement.
The 0- 1mA meter deflects proportionally
according to the current through it.
1. Instrumentation Circuits: DC
Millivoltmeter
1. Instrumentation Circuits: AC
Millivoltmeter
It is the same as the dc millivoltmeter,
except that in this case the signal
handled is an AC signal using two
diodes.
1. Instrumentation Circuits: Instrumentation
Amplifier
It is a very special differential input
amplifier, primarily focusing on providing
differential gain and high CMRR.
INAs offer high input impedance and low
output impedance.
The first stage has two non-inverting op-
amp buffers with a gain that isolates
inputs and amplifies the differential
signal.
The potentiometer adjusts the differential
gain.
The second stage is a difference amplifier,
1. Instrumentation Circuits: Instrumentation
Amplifier
1. Instrumentation Circuits: Instrumentation
Amplifier
First stage gain: The current across the Rp
is:
For the 2nd Stage:
For
Thus, for the instrumentation amplifier:
1. Instrumentation Circuits
1. Calculate the output current Io in the
circuit
1. Instrumentation Circuits
2. Calculate the output voltage expression
for the circuit
2. Active Filters
Op amps are used to build active filter
circuits
An active filter additionally uses an
amplifier to provide voltage amplification
and signal isolation or buffering.
Low-pass filter provides a constant output
from dc up to a cutoff frequency fOH and
then passes no signal above that frequency.
High-pass filter provides or passes signals
above a cutoff frequency fOL .
Bandpass filter passes signals that are
above one ideal cutoff frequency and below
2. Active Filters
2. Active Filters: Low-Pass Filter
2. Active Filters: Low-Pass Filter
A first-order, low-pass filter using a single
resistor and capacitor.
The voltage gain below the cutoff frequency
is constant at:
Cutoff frequency of:
Connecting two sections of filter results in a
second-order low-pass filter
The circuit voltage gain is the same for the
second-order circuit as for the first-order
filter circuit, except that the filter response
drops at a faster rate for a second-order filter
circuit.
2. Active Filters: Low-Pass Filter
For a 2nd order low pass filter:
2. Active Filters: High-Pass Filter
2. Active Filters: High-Pass Filter
The voltage gain above the cutoff
frequency is constant at:
Cutoff frequency of: and the same with a
second-order filter if R1 = R2, and C1 = C2
2. Active Filters: BandPass Filter
Bandpass filter using two stages, the
first a high-pass filter and the second a
low-pass filter.
The combined operation being the
desired bandpass response.
The gain of the filter circuit is the
product of the gains of each stage.
2. Active Filters: BandPass Filter
2. Active Filters: Exercises
Calculate the gains and cutoff frequencies of
the active filters in the circuits
2. Active Filters: Exercises
Exercises
1. Calculate the output voltage of the
following circuits
Exercises
2. Calculate the CMRR for the circuit
measurements below
2. Calculate the 3. Calculate IL for
output voltage if Vi= the circuit
150mV
Exercises
4. Calculate the CMRR (in dB) for the
circuit differential and common mode
measurements Vd = 1 mV, Vo = 120 mV, VC =
1 mV, and Vo = 20 mV.
5. Determine the output voltage of an op-
amp for input voltages of Vi1 = 200 mV and
Vi2 = 140 mV. The amplifier has a differential
gain of Ad = 6000, and the value of CMRR is:
a. 200, b. 105.
6. Calculate Vo in the circuit
Exercises
7. Design the connections in the multiple-
stage gain using op amps circuit to provide
outputs 10, 20, and -50 times larger than the
input. Use a feedback resistor of 500k in all
stages
Recommended Text
1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky.
Prentice Hall Publications.
