MUSCLES
Dr. NADEEM
MS SPT
PPDPT
BsPT
Dip. PT
INTRODUCTION
• Muscle is a contractile tissue which
brings about movements.
• Muscles can be regarded as motors of the
body.
MUSCLE FUNCTION
• Contraction for locomotion and skeletal
movement
• Contraction for propulsion
• Contraction for pressure regulation
MUSCLE CLASSIFICATION
• Muscles can be classified in different
ways
1. Morphological classification
2. Functional classification
3. Histological classification
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
• Two types of muscles
1. Striated
2. Non striated
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
• Two types of muscles
1. Voluntary
2. In voluntary
HISTOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
• Three types of muscles
1. Skeletal muscles
2. Smooth muscles
3. Cardiac muscles
SKELETAL MUSCLES
• Produce the movements of the skeleton.
• Also called
1. Striped muscles
2. Striated muscles
3. Somatic muscles
4. Voluntary muscles
PARTS OF A MUSCLE
• Two ends
1. Origin moves least or remain
fixed during contraction
2. Insertion moves more during
contraction
• Two parts
1. Fleshy part is contractile, and is
called the 'belly'.
2. Fibrous part is noncontractile and
inelastic.
Tendon
Aponeurosis
Raphe
• TENDON Cord Like ,Rope Like.
• APONEUROSIS Flattened, Thin,
Strong sheet of fibrous tissue.
• RAPHE An interdigitation of the
tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTRACTILE TISSUE
• Muscle fibre is a multinucleated
• Cross-striated cylindrical cell myocyte
• Sarcolemma cell membrane
• Sarcoplasm cytoplasm
• Longitudinal threads called myofibrils
SUPPORTING TISSUE
Helps in organization of the muscle
• Endomysium surrounds each
muscle fibre separately
• Perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle
fibres of various sizes
• Epimysium surrounds the entire muscle.
FASCICULAR ARRANGEMENT OF
MUSCLE FIBRES
Varies according to the direction, force and
range of habitual movement at a
particular joint.
• Force of movement is directly proportional
to the number and size of muscle fibres.
• Range of movement is proportional to the
length of fibres.
PARALLEL FASCICULI
OBLIQUE FASCICULI
Muscles whose fibers run obliquely to the
line of pull are referred to as pennate
muscles
1. Triangular muscle
2. Unipennate muscle
3. Bipennate muscle
4. Multipennate muscle
NOMENCLATURE OF MUSCLES
ACCORDING TO SHAPE:
Deltoid Triangular
Teres Round
Rectus Straight
ACCORDING TO SIZE
Major Large
Latissimus Broadest
Longissimus Longest
ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF
HEADS
Biceps Two heads
Quadriceps Four heads
Digastric Two bellies
ACCORDING TO POSITION
Pectoralis Of the chest
Supraspinatus Above spine
of scapula
Brachii Of the arm
ACCORDING TO DEPTH
Profundus Deep
Superficialis Superficial
Externus External
ACCORDING TO
ATTACHMENTS
Sternocleidomastoid From
sternum and
clavicle to
mastoid process
Coracobrachialis From
coracoid
process to
ACCORDING TO ACTION
Extensor Extend
Flexor Flex
Constrictor Constrict
NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL
MUSCLES
• Mixed nerve
Motor 60%
Sensory 40%
Some sympathetic autonomic fibres
• Motor Point:
The nerve enters the muscle at about the
midpoint on its deep surface, the place of
entrance is known as the motor point.
• Motor unit:
muscle fibres supplied by a single motor
neuron
SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTION
A muscle may work in the following four
ways:
1. Agonists (Prime mover):
2. Antagonist:
3. Fixator:
4. Synergist:
Smooth Muscle
• consists of long, spindle-shaped cells
closely
arranged in bundles or sheets.
• In the tubes of the body, it provides the
motive power for propelling the contents
through the lumen.
• Depending on the organ, smooth muscle
fibers may be made to contract by local
stretching of the fibers, by nerve impulses
from autonomic nerves, or by hormonal
stimulation.
• Slow contraction
• Do not get fatigued
• Involuntary
• Uninucleated
• Bounded by plasmalemma
• Light and dark bands absent
• Nerve supply from autonomic nervous
system
Cardiac muscles
• Consists of striated muscle fibers
• Form Wall of heart (myocardium)
• Short and cylindrical
• Uninucleated
• Bounded by plasmalemma
• Intercalated disc present and a characteristic
feature
• Nerve supply from autonomic nervous
system
• Blood supply is abundant
• Rapid contractions
• Never get fatigued
• Involuntary
THE
END
