DATABASE DESIGN
AND MANAGEMENT
Topic: Database Concepts
In this lecture, students will learn;
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are
valuable assets for decision making
• About flaws in file system data management
• Database Design, Database System, and Database Management
System(DBMS)
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
Data Versus Information
DATA is
Raw facts, or facts that have not yet been processed to reveal their
meaning to the end user. E.g 2, 3 Ama, Dery, Teacher, Doctor among
others.
INFORMATION
The result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. Information
consists of transformed data and facilitates decision making.
Database is
A shared, integrated computer structure that houses a collection of
related data. A database contains two types of data: end-user data (raw
facts) and metadata(data about data).
Types of Databases
• Single-user Database: A database that supports only one user at a
time
• Desktop Database: A single-user database that runs on a personal
computer
• Multiuser Database: A database that supports multiple concurrent
users
Types of Database Continuous
Workgroup Database: A multiuser database usually supports fewer
than 50 users or is used for a specific department in an organization.
Enterprise Database: The overall company data representation, which
provides support for present and expected future needs.
Centralized Database: A database located at a single site.
Distributed Database: A logically related database stored in two or
more physically independent sites.
Types of Database Continuous
Cloud Database: A database that is created and maintained using cloud
services, such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS.
General-purpose Database :A database that contains a wide variety of
data used in multiple disciplines.
Discipline-specific Database: A database that contains data focused on
specific subject areas.
Operational Database:A database designed primarily to support a
company’s day-to-day operations. Also known as a transactional
database, OLTP database, or production database
Analytical Database :A database focused primarily on storing historical
data and business metrics used for tactical or strategic decision making
Other concepts
Data Warehouse
A specialized database that stores historical and aggregated data in a
format optimized for decision support.
Online analytical processing (OLAP) A set of tools that provide
advanced data analysis for retrieving, processing, and modeling data
from the data warehouse.
business intelligence A set of tools and processes used to capture,
collect, integrate, store, and analyze data to support business decision
making to gain competitive advantage.
Unstructured Data
Data that exists in its original, raw state; that is, in the format in which it
was collected
Other concepts
Structured Data: Data that has been formatted to facilitate storage, use,
and information generation.
Semi-structured Data:
Data that has already been processed to some extent
Extensible Markup Language (XML): A metalanguage representing and
manipulating data elements. Unlike other markup languages, XML
permits the manipulation of a document’s data elements
XML database: A database system that stores and manages semi-
structured XML data.
Other concepts
File System Data Management
File System Data Management
File System Data Management
Problems with File System Data Processing
Preamble
The file system method of organizing and managing data was a
definite improvement over the manual system, and the file system
served a useful purpose in data management for some time now
A critique of the file system method serves two major purposes:
Understanding the shortcomings of the file system enables you to
understand the development of modern databases.
Many of the problems are not unique to file systems. Failure to
understand such problems is likely to lead to their duplication in a
database environment, even though database technology makes it
easy to avoid them.
Problems with File System Data Processing
Lengthy development times.
Difficulty of getting quick answers.
Complex system administration
Lack of security and limited data sharing
Extensive programming.
Problems with File System Data Processing
Structural Dependence: A data characteristic in which a change in the
database schema affects data access, thus requiring changes in all
access programs. The Opposite is Structural Independence.
Data Dependence A data condition in which data representation and
manipulation are dependent on the physical data storage
characteristics. The Opposite is Data Independence
Data redundancy: Exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at
different place
Data integrity problems.
Data anomaly: A data abnormality in which inconsistent changes have
been made to a database. For example, an employee moves, but the
address change is not corrected in all files in the database.
Database Design, Database System and
Database Management System(DBMS)
Database Design: The process that yields the description of the
database structure and determines the database component.
Database Design, Database System and
Database Management System(DBMS)
Database Design: The process that yields the description of the
database structure and determines the database component.
Database System
An organization of components that defines and regulates the
collection, storage, management, and use of data in a database
environment.
Five Principal Components of a
Database
Hardware System
Software
People
Procedures.
Data.
Database Management System is
The collection of programs that manages the database structure and
controls access to the data stored in the database.
The DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the
database. The database structure itself is stored as a collection of
files, and the only way to access the data in those files is through the
DBMS.
Advantages of Database Management Systems
Improved data sharing
Improved data security
Better data integration
Minimized data inconsistency.
Improved data access
Improved decision making
Increased end-user productivity
Data dictionary management.
Data storage management
Data transformation and presentation
Security management.
Advantages of Database Management Systems
Multiuser access control.
Backup and recovery management.
Data integrity management
Database access languages and application programming interfaces.
Database communication interfaces
