Chapter 6 Arrays

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 Objectives
 To describe why arrays are necessary in programming (§6.1).
 To declare array reference variables and create arrays (§§6.2.1-6.2.2).
 To initialize the values in an array (§6.2.3).
 To access array elements using indexed variables (§6.2.4).
 To declare, create, and initialize an array using an array initializer (§6.2.5).
 To program common array operations (displaying arrays, summing all elements,
finding min and max elements, random shuffling, shifting elements) (§6.2.6).
 To simplify programming using the for-each loops (§6.2.7).
 To apply arrays in the LottoNumbers and DeckOfCards problems (§§6.3-6.4).
 To copy contents from one array to another (§6.5).
 To develop and invoke methods with array arguments and return value (§6.6–6.7).
 To define a method with variable-length argument list (§6.8).
 To search elements using the linear (§6.9.1) or binary (§6.9.2) search algorithm.
 To sort an array using the selection sort (§6.10.1)
 To sort an array using the insertion sort algorithm (§6.10.2).
 To use the methods in the Arrays class (§6.11).

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 Opening Problem
Read one ten numbers, compute their average,
and find out how many numbers are above the
average. How would you compute this
problem?
An efficient and organized manner is to use
data structure, the array, which stores a fixed
sequential collection of elements of the same
type. By store all 10 numbers into an array and
access them through single array variable.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Solution
public class AnalyzeNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final int NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS = 10;
double[] numbers = new double[NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS]; // Creates & Declare a array of 10 elements

double sum = 0;
java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS; i++) {
System.out.print("Enter a new number: ");
numbers[i] = input.nextDouble(); // store numbers into the array
sum += numbers[i]; //add each number to sum
}
double average = sum / NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS; //obtain the average
int count = 0; // The number of elements above average
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS; i++) // compares each number in the array
if (numbers[i] > average) // compares each number in the array
count++;

System.out.println("Average is " + average);

System.out.println("Number of elements above the average "
+ count);
}
} Run with prepared input
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 Introducing Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection of
the same types of data.
double[] myList = new double[10];

myList reference
myList[0] 5.6
myList[1] 4.5

Array reference myList[2] 3.3

variable
myList[3] 13.2

myList[4] 4
Array element at
myList[5] 34.33 Element value
index 5
myList[6] 34

myList[7] 45.45

myList[8] 99.993

myList[9] 11123

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 Declaring Array Variables
 To use an array in a program, you must declare a
variable to reference that array and specify the
array’s element type.
datatype[] arrayRefVar;
Example for declaring an array variable:
double[] myList;
datatype arrayRefVar[]; // This style is
allowed, but not preferred
Example:
double myList[];

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Creating Arrays
The declaration of an array variables does not allocate
any space in memory for the array, it creates a storage
location for the reference to an array.
arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize];
Example:
myList = new double[10];
myList[0] //references the first element in the array.
myList[9] //references the last element in the array.

Note: if a variable does not contain references to an

array, then the value of the variables is null
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 Declaring and Creating
in One Step
 datatype[]arrayRefVar = new
datatype[arraySize];
double[] myList = new double[10];
//declare array name myList as double

 datatype arrayRefVar[] = new

datatype[arraySize];//create and
create Arrays
double myList[] = new double[10];
//declare and create array called myList[]
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 The Length of an Array
Once an array is created, its size is fixed. It cannot be
changed. You can find its size using
arrayRefVar.length

For example,
myList.length returns 10

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 Array size & Default Values
When the space of an array allocated, the array
size must be defined the number of elements that
can be stored in it.
When an array is created, its elements are
assigned the default value of
0 for the numeric primitive data types,
'\u0000' for char types, and
false for boolean types.

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 Arrays
 An array is an ordered list of values:

The entire array Each value has a numeric index

has a single name

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

scores 79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74 91

An array of size N is indexed from zero to N-1

This array holds 10 values that are indexed from 0 to 9

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 Arrays
 A particularvalue in an array is referenced using
the array name followed by the index in brackets
 For example, the expression

scores[2]
refers to the value 94 (the 3rd value in the array)
 That expression represents a place to store a
single integer and can be used wherever an
integer variable can be used
Copyright © 2012
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 Arrays
 Forexample, an array element can be assigned a
value, printed, or used in a calculation:

scores[2] = 89;
scores[first] = scores[first] + 2;
mean = (scores[0] + scores[1])/2;
System.out.println ("Top = " +
scores[5]);

pick = scores[rand.nextInt(11)];

Copyright © 2012
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Pearson Education, Inc. rights reserved. 0132130807
 Arrays
 The values held in an array are called array
elements
 An array stores multiple values of the same type –
the element type
 The element type can be a primitive type or an
object reference
 Therefore, we can create an array of integers, an
array of characters, an array of String objects,
an array of Coin objects, etc.
Copyright © 2012
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Pearson Education, Inc. rights reserved. 0132130807
 Arrays
 In Java, the array itself is an object that must be
instantiated
 Another way to depict the scores array:

scores 79
87
94
82
The name of the array 67
is an object reference 98
variable 87
81
74
91
Copyright © 2012
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Pearson Education, Inc. rights reserved. 0132130807
 Indexed Variables
The array elements are accessed through the index.
The array indices are 0-based, i.e., it starts from 0 to
arrayRefVar.length-1. In the example in Figure 6.1,
myList holds ten double values and the indices are
from 0 to 9.

Each element in the array is represented using the

following syntax, known as an indexed variable:
arrayRefVar[index];
myList[9] represents the last element in the array myList.

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 Using Indexed Variables
After an array is created, an indexed variable can
be used in the same way as a regular variable.
For example, the following code adds the value
in myList[0] and myList[1] to myList[2].
myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];
Loop assigns 0 to myList[0], 1 to myList[1],… and 9 to myList[9]

For (int i=0; i< myList.lenght; i++) {

myList[i] = 1;
}
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 Array Initializers
double[] myList; //declare

myList = new double[4]; //create

Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:

double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

This shorthand syntax must be in one

statement.

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 Declaring, creating, initializing
Using the Shorthand Notation
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

This shorthand notation is equivalent to the

following statements:
double[] myList = new double[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 CAUTION
Using the shorthand notation, you
have to declare, create, and initialize
the array all in one statement.
Splitting it would cause a syntax
error. For example, the following is
wrong:
double[] myList;

myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

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//read 10 numbers;
//computer their average;
// find out how many numbers are above the average.

public class AnalyzeNumbers {

public static void main(String[] args) {
final int NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS = 10;
double[] numbers = new double[NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS]; // this line creates an array of 10
elements
double sum = 0;
java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS; i++) {
System.out.print("Enter a new number: ");
numbers[i] = input.nextDouble(); //store numbers into the array
sum += numbers[i]; // add each number to sum
}
double average = sum / NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS; // obtain the average
int count = 0; // The number of elements above average
for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_ELEMENTS; i++) // then compares each number in the array with
average
if (numbers[i] > average) // to count the number if values above the average
count++;
System.out.println("Average is " + average);
System.out.println("Number of elements above the average "
+ count);
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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rights reserved. 0132130807
animation
Trace Program with Arrays
Declare array variable values, create an
array, and assign its reference to values

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the array is created

int[] values = new int[5];

0
for (int i= 1; i < 5; i++) { 0
0
1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 0
} 3 0
values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i becomes 1

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
After the array is created
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 0 0

values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 0

} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 0

0
} 4

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=1) is less than 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5]; After the array is created

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 0 0

values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 0
} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 0

} 4 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed, value[1] is 1

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the first iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 0
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation

Trace Program with Arrays

After i++, i becomes 2

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5]; After the first iteration

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {

0 0
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 1

} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 0

4 0
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (= 2) is less than 5
public class Test {
public static void main(String[]
args) {
int[] values = new int[5]; After the first iteration

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {

0 0
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 1

} 2 0

values[0] = values[1] + 3 0

values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line is executed,
values[2] is 3 (2 + 1)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the second iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 3.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the second iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=3) is still less than 5.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the second iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[3] becomes 6 (3 + 3)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the third iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, i becomes 4

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the third iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
i (=4) is still less than 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the third iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 0

}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this, values[4] becomes 10 (4 + 6)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) { After the fourth iteration

int[] values = new int[5]; 0 0

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 1 1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 3
} 3 6

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 4 10

}
}

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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After i++, i becomes 5

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
After the fourth iteration
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
}
0 0
values[0] = values[1] + values[4];
1 1
}
3
} 2

3 6

4 10

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animation

Trace Program with Arrays

i ( =5) < 5 is false. Exit the loop

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { After the fourth iteration
values[i] = i + values[i-1];
} 0 0

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 1

2
1

3
} 3 6

} 4 10

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rights reserved. 0132130807
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animation
Trace Program with Arrays
After this line, values[0] is 11 (1 + 10)

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] values = new int[5];
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { 0 11

values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 1 1

} 2 3

values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 6

} 4 10
}

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 Processing Arrays
See the examples in the text.
1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. (Initializing arrays with random values)
3. (Printing arrays)
4. (Summing all elements)
5. (Finding the largest element)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)
7. (Random shuffling)
8. (Shifting elements)

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 Initializing arrays with input values
Java has a shorthand notation, known as the array initializer, which
combines in one statement declaring an array.

elementType[] arrayRefVar = [value0,value1, …, valuek};

For example:
double [] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
The statement below declares, creates, and initializing the array
myList with four elements:
double[] myList = new double[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;
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 Printing arrays
Display arrays, you need to print each element in
the array using a loop like following:

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {

System.out.print(myList[i] + " ");
}
For string:
char[] city = {‘D’, ‘a’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘a’, ‘s’};
System.out.println(city);

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 Summing all elements
By using a variable named total to store the sum, initially total is
0. add each element in the array to total using a loop like below:

double total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {
total += myList[i];
}

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 Finding the largest element
Use a variable named max to store the largest element. Initially
max is myList[0]. To find the largest element in the array myList,
compare each element with max, and update max if the element is
greater than max

double max = myList[0];

for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++) {
if (myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];
}

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 Random shuffling
In many applicaition, you need to randomly
reorder the elements in an array. This is called a
shuffling. Therefore, for each element myList[i],
randomly generate an index j and swap myList[i]
asforfollow:
(int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) { myList
// Generate an index j randomly i [0]
int index = (int)(Math.random() [1]
* myList.length);
. swap
// Swap myList[i] with myList[j] .
double temp = myList[i]; .
myList[i] = myList[index]; [index]
myList[index] = temp;
A random index
}

Random Shuffling Video 5:47

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 Shifting Elements
Sometimes you need to shift the elements left or right. Example to
shift the elements one position to the left and fill the last element
with first element:

double temp = myList[0]; // Retain the first element

// Shift elements left myList

for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++) {
myList[i - 1] = myList[i];
}

// Move the first element to fill in the last position

myList[myList.length - 1] = temp;

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 Enhanced for Loop (for-each loop)
JDK 1.5 introduced a new for loop that enables you to traverse the complete
array sequentially without using an index variable. For example, the following
code displays all elements in the array myList:

for (double value: myList)

System.out.println(value);
In general, the syntax is
for (elementType value: arrayRefVar) {
// Process the value
}

Note: You still have to use an index variable if you wish to traverse the array in a
different order or change the elements in the array.

for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)

System.out.print(list[i] + “ “);
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 Enhanced For Loop
 class EnhancedForTest{
4 public static void main(String[] args)
5 {
6 int[] arrayList = {1, 12, 3, 4, 15, 6, 67};
8 int total = 0;
9
10 // add each element's value to total

 11 for (int number : arrayList )

12 total += number;

13 //line List 11 & 12 equivalent to the following counter controlled repetition used in
 // line 14 & 15
14 //for (int counter =0; counter <arrayList.length; counter++)
15 // total += array[counter];
16
17 System.out.printf("Total of array elements: %d\n" , total);
18 }
19 }
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 Problem: Lotto Numbers
Suppose you play the Pick-10 lotto. Each ticket has
10 unique numbers ranging from 1 to 99. You buy
a lot of tickets. You like to have your tickets to
cover all numbers from 1 to 99. Write a program
that reads the ticket numbers from a file and checks
whether all numbers are covered. Assume the last
number in the file is 0.

Lotto Numbers Sample Data LottoNumbers Run

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import java.util.Scanner;

public class LottoNumbers {

public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
boolean[] isCovered = new boolean[99]; // default false -- create and initialize array

// Read all numbers and mark corresponding element covered -- read number
int number = input.nextInt(); // read the number
while (number != 0) {
isCovered[number - 1] = true; // mark number covered – “true”
number = input.nextInt(); // read the number
}

// Check if all covered

boolean allCovered = true; // Assume all covered
for (int i = 0; i < 99; i++)
if (!isCovered[i]) {
allCovered = false; // Find one number is not covered “false”
break;
}

// Display result
if (allCovered) // check allCovered?
System.out.println("The tickets cover all numbers");
else
System.out.println("The tickets don’t cover all numbers");
}
}
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 Problem: Deck of Cards
The problem is to write a program that picks four cards
randomly from a deck of 52 cards. All the cards can be
represented using an array named deck, filled with initial
values 0 to 52, as follows:

int[] deck = new int[52]; //declared and create cards

// initialize cards
for (int i = 0; i < deck.length; i++)
deck[i] = i;

DeckOfCards Run
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49
public class DeckOfCards {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] deck = new int[52];
String[] suits = {"Spades", "Hearts", "Clubs", "Diamonds"}; // create array deck – array of string
String[] ranks = {"Ace", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", // array of strings
"10", "Jack", "Queen", "King"};

// Initialize deck
for (int i = 0; i < deck.length; i++)
deck[i] = i;

// Shuffle the deck

for (int i = 0; i < deck.length; i++) {
// Generate an index randomly
int index = (int)(Math.random() * deck.length);
int temp = deck[i];
deck[i] = deck[index];
deck[index] = temp;
}
// Display the first four cards
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
String suit = suits[deck[i] / 13]; // suite of card
String rank = ranks[deck[i] % 13]; // rank of a card
System.out.println("Card number " + deck[i] + ": "
+ rank + " of " + suit);
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
50
rights reserved. 0132130807
}
 Problem: Deck of Cards
This problem builds a foundation for future more interesting and
realistic applications:

See Exercise 25.9.

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51
 Problem: Deck of Cards, cont.
deck deck
0 [0] 0 [0] 6 Card number 6 is
. . .
. 13 Spades (? ) . .
[1] 48 7 of Spades
[2] 11
. . . [3] 24
12 [12] 12 Card number 48 is
[4] .
13 [13] 13 10 of Clubs
[5] .
. . . . .
. 13 Hearts (? ) . . .
. .
. . Card number 11 is
Random shuffle . .
25 [25] 25 Queen of Spades
[25] .
26 [26] 26 [26] .
. . . . .
. 13 Diamonds (? ) . . Card number 24 is
. .
. . . Queen of Hearts
. .
38 [38] 38 [38] .
39 [39] 39 [39] .
. . . . .
. 13 Clubs (? ) . . . .
. . . . .
51 [51] 51 [51] .

GUI Demo (picking four cards) DeckOfCards Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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52
 Copying Arrays
Often, in a program, you need to duplicate an array or a part of an
array. In such cases you could attempt to use the assignment
statement (=), as follows:
Before the assignment After the assignment

list2 = list1; list2 = list1; list2 = list1;

list1 list1
Contents Contents
of list1 of list1
Note: You can copy primitive data
Type in Java, but you cannot copy list2
Contents
list2
Contents

one array variable to another array of list2

Garbage
of list2

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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53
 Copying Arrays
Three ways to copy arrays
 Use a loop to copy individual elements one by one.
 Use the static araycopy method in the System class.
 Use the clone method to copy arrays;
Using a loop:
int[] sourceArray = {2, 3, 1, 5, 10}; // initial array
int[] targetArray = new int[sourceArray.length];

for (int i = 0; i < sourceArrays.length; i++)

targetArray[i] = sourceArray[i];

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54
 Passing Arrays to Methods
public static void printArray(int[] array) {
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
}
}

//Invoke the method

int[] list = {3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2}; //initialize array

printArray(list);

//Invoke the method

printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});

Anonymous array

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55
 Anonymous Array
The statement
printArray(new int[]{3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2});

creates an array using the following syntax:

new dataType[]{literal0, literal1, ..., literalk};
There is no explicit reference variable for the array.
Such array is called an anonymous array.

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56
 1 public class TestPassArray {
2 /** Main method */
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 int[] a = {1, 2};
5 // Swap elements using the swap method
6 System.out.println("Before invoking swap");
7 System.out.println("array is {" + a[0] + ", " + a[1] + "}");
8 swap(a[0], a[1]);
9 System.out.println("After invoking swap");
10 System.out.println("array is {" + a[0] + ", " + a[1] + "}");
11 // Swap elements using the swapFirstTwoInArray method
12 System.out.println("Before invoking swapFirstTwoInArray");
13 System.out.println("array is {" + a[0] + ", " + a[1] + "}");
14 swapFirstTwoInArray(a);
15 System.out.println("After invoking swapFirstTwoInArray");
16 System.out.println("array is {" + a[0] + ", " + a[1] + "}");
17 }
18 /** Swap two variables */
19 public static void swap(int n1, int n2) {
20 int temp = n1;
21 n1 = n2;
22 n2 = temp;
23 }
24 /** Swap the first two elements in the array */
25 public static void swapFirstTwoInArray(int[] array) {
26 int temp = array[0];
27 array[0] = array[1];
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28 array[1] = temp; rights reserved. 0132130807
 Pass By Value – Method Call
Java uses pass by value to pass arguments to a method. There
are important differences between passing a value of variables
of primitive data types and passing arrays.

 For a parameter of a primitive type value, the actual value is

passed. Changing the value of the local parameter inside the
method does not affect the value of the variable outside the
method.

 For a parameter of an array type, the value of the parameter

contains a reference to an array; this reference is passed to the
method. Any changes to the array that occur inside the method
body will affect the original array that was passed as the
argument.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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58
 Simple Example
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 1; // x represents an int value
int[] y = new int[10]; // y represents an array of int
values

m(x, y); // Invoke m with arguments x and y

System.out.println("x is " + x);

System.out.println("y[0] is " + y[0]);
}

public static void m(int number, int[] numbers) {

number = 1001; // Assign a new value to number
numbers[0] = 5555; // Assign a new value to numbers[0]
}
}
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59
 Call Stack
Stack Heap
Space required for
method m
int[] numbers:reference
The arrays are
int number: 1 0 stored in a
0 heap.
Space required for the
main method
int[] y: reference Array of
int x: 1 0 ten int
values is
When invoking m(x, y), the values of x and y are
passed to number and numbers. Since y contains the
reference value to the array, numbers now contains the
same reference value to the same array.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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60
 Call Stack
Stack Heap
Space required for
method m
int[] numbers: reference
The arrays are
int number: 1001 5555 stored in a
0 heap.
Space required for the
main method
int[] y: reference Array of ten int
int x: 1 values is stored here
0

When invoking m(x, y), the values of x and y are

passed to number and numbers. Since y contains the
reference value to the array, numbers now contains the
same reference value to the same array.

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rights reserved. 0132130807
61
 Heap
Heap

The arrays are

5555 stored in a
0 heap.
Space required for the
main method
int[] y: reference
int x: 1 0

The JVM stores the array in an area of memory,

called heap, which is used for dynamic memory
allocation where blocks of memory are allocated and
freed in an arbitrary order. Web Link on Stack and Heap
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62
 Passing Arrays as Arguments

 Objective:Demonstrate differences of
passing primitive data type variables
and array variables.

TestPassArray Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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63
 Example, cont.
Stack Heap Stack
Space required for the
Space required for the swapFirstTwoInArray
swap method method
n2: 2 int[] array reference
n1: 1

Space required for the Space required for the

main method main method
int[] a reference int[] a reference
a[1]: 2
a[0]: 1
Invoke swap(int n1, int n2). Invoke swapFirstTwoInArray(int[] array).
The primitive type values in The arrays are The reference value in a is passed to the
a[0] and a[1] are passed to the stored in a swapFirstTwoInArray method.
swap method. heap.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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64
 Returning an Array from a Method
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}
list
return result;
} result

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};

int[] list2 = reverse(list1);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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65
animation

Trace the reverse Method

int[] list1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
Declare result and create array
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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66
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 0 and j = 5
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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67
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (= 0) is less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
68
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 0 and j = 5
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[0] to result[5]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
69
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);

After this, i becomes 1 and j

public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { becomes 4
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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70
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);

i (=1) is less than 6

public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 0 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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71
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 1 and j = 4
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[1] to result[4]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
72
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 2 and
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { j becomes 3
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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73
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=2) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 0 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
74
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 2 and j = 3
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
75
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 3 and
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { j becomes 2
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
76
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=3) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 0 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
77
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 3 and j = 2
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
78
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 4 and
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { j becomes 1
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
79
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=4) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 0 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
80
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 4 and j = 1
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
81
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 5 and
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { j becomes 0
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
82
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=5) is still less than 6
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 0 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
83
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i = 5 and j = 0
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { Assign list[i] to result[j]
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
84
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
After this, i becomes 6 and
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { j becomes -1
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
85
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
i (=6) < 6 is false. So exit
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) { the loop.
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
86
animation

Trace the reverse Method, cont.

int[] list1 = new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
int[] list2 = reverse(list1);
Return result
public static int[] reverse(int[] list) {
int[] result = new int[list.length];

for (int i = 0, j = result.length - 1;

i < list.length; i++, j--) {
result[j] = list[i];
}

return result;
}

list 1 2 3 4 5 6

list2
result 6 5 4 3 2 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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87
 Problem: Counting Occurrence of Each
Letter

 Generate 100 lowercase (a) Executing

createArray in Line 6
(b) After exiting
createArray in Line 6

letters randomly and assign Stack Heap Stack Heap

to an array of characters. Space required for the

createArray method
Array of 100
characters
Array of 100
characters
char[] chars: ref
 Count the occurrence of each Space required for the Space required for the
main method main method

letter in the array. char[] chars: ref char[] chars: ref

CountLettersInArray Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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88
 Searching Arrays
Searching is the process of looking for a specific element in
an array; for example, discovering whether a certain score is
included in a list of scores. Searching is a common task in
computer programming. There are many algorithms and
data structures devoted to searching.
In this section, two commonly used approaches are
discussed, linear search and binary search.
public class LinearSearch {
/** The method for finding a key in the list */
public static int linearSearch(int[] list, int key) {
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
if (key == list[i]) [0] [1] [2] …
return i; list
return -1;
} key Compare key with list[i] for i = 0, 1, …
}

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89
 Linear Search
The linear search approach compares the key
element, key, sequentially with each element in
the array list.
The method continues to do so until the key
matches an element in the list or the list is
exhausted without a match being found.
If a match is made, the linear search returns the
index of the element in the array that matches the
key. If no match is found, the search returns -1.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
90
animation

Linear Search Animation

Key List
3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8
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91
 From Idea to Solution
/** The method for finding a key in the list */
public static int linearSearch(int[] list, int key) {
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
if (key == list[i])
return i;
return -1;
}

Trace the method

int[] list = {1, 4, 4, 2, 5, -3, 6, 2};
int i = linearSearch(list, 4); //returns 1 located at[1]
int j = linearSearch(list, -4); //returns -1 No match
int k = linearSearch(list, -3); //returns 5 located at[5]
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 Binary Search
For binary search to work, the elements in the
array must already be ordered. Without loss of
generality, assume that the array is in ascending
order.
e.g., 2 4 7 10 11 45 50 59 60 66 69 70 79
The binary search first compares the key with the
element in the middle of the array.
Video Binary Search Simulation

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 Binary Search, cont.
Consider the following three cases:
 If the key is less than the middle element,
you only need to search the key in the first
half of the array.
 If the key is equal to the middle element,
the search ends with a match.
 If the key is greater than the middle
element, you only need to search the key in
the second half of the array.
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animation

Binary Search

Key List

8 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

8 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

8 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

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 Binary Search, cont.
key is 11 low mid high

key < 50 [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
list 2 4 7 10 11 45 50 59 60 66 69 70 79
low mid high

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

key > 7 list 2 4 7 10 11 45

low mid high

[3] [4] [5]

key == 11 list 10 11 45

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key is 54 Binary
low
Search,midcont. high

key > 50 [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
list 2 4 7 10 11 45 50 59 60 66 69 70 79
low mid high

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
key < 66 list 59 60 66 69 70 79

low mid high

[7] [8]
key < 59 list 59 60

low high

[6] [7] [8]

59 60
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 Binary Search, cont.
The binarySearch method returns the index of the
element in the list that matches the search key if it
is contained in the list. Otherwise, it returns

-insertion point - 1.

The insertion point is the point at which the key

would be inserted into the list.

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 From Idea to Solution
/** Use binary search to find the key in the list */
public static int binarySearch(int[] list, int key) {
int low = 0;
int high = list.length - 1;

while (high >= low) {

int mid = (low + high) / 2;
if (key < list[mid])
high = mid - 1;
else if (key == list[mid])
return mid;
else
low = mid + 1;
}

return -1 - low;
}

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 The Arrays.binarySearch Method
Since binary search is frequently used in programming, Java provides several
overloaded binarySearch methods for searching a key in an array of int, double,
char, short, long, and float in the java.util.Arrays class. For example, the
following code searches the keys in an array of numbers and an array of
characters.

int[] list = {2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 45, 50, 59, 60, 66, 69, 70, 79};
System.out.println("Index is " +
java.util.Arrays.binarySearch(list, 11)); Return is 4

char[] chars = {'a', 'c', 'g', 'x', 'y', 'z'};

System.out.println("Index is " +
java.util.Arrays.binarySearch(chars, 't')); Return is –4 (insertion point
is 3, so return is -3-1)
For the binarySearch method to work, the array must be pre-sorted in increasing
order.

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 Sorting Arrays
Sorting, like searching, is also a common task in
computer programming. Many different algorithms
have been developed for sorting. This section
introduces two simple, intuitive sorting algorithms:
selection sort and insertion sort.

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 Selection Sort
Selection sort finds the largest number in the list and places it last. It then finds the largest
number remaining and places it next to last, and so on until the list contains only a single
number. Figure 6.17 shows how to sort the list {2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6} using selection sort.
swap

Select 1 (the smallest) and swap it 2 9 5 4 8 1 6

with 2 (the first) in the list
swap
The number 1 is now in the
Select 2 (the smallest) and swap it 1 9 5 4 8 2 6 correct position and thus no
with 9 (the first) in the remaining longer needs to be considered.
list swap

The number 2 is now in the

Select 4 (the smallest) and swap it 1 2 5 4 8 9 6 correct position and thus no
with 5 (the first) in the remaining longer needs to be considered.
list
The number 6 is now in the
5 is the smallest and in the right 1 2 4 5 8 9 6 correct position and thus no
position. No swap is necessary longer needs to be considered.
swap

The number 5 is now in the

Select 6 (the smallest) and swap it 1 2 4 5 8 9 6 correct position and thus no
with 8 (the first) in the remaining longer needs to be considered.
list swap

The number 6 is now in the

Select 8 (the smallest) and swap it 1 2 4 5 6 9 8 correct position and thus no
with 9 (the first) in the remaining longer needs to be considered.
list

The number 8 is now in the

Since there is only one element 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 correct position and thus no
remaining in the list, sort is longer needs to be considered.
completed

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 From Idea to Solution
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
{
select the smallest element in list[i..listSize-1];
swap the smallest with list[i], if necessary;
// list[i] is in its correct position.
// The next iteration apply on list[i..listSize-1]
}

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3] ... list[10]

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3] ... list[10]

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3] ... list[10]

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3] ... list[10]

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3] ... list[10]

...

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3] ... list[10]

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for (int i = 0; i < listSize; i++)
{
select the smallest element in list[i..listSize-1];
swap the smallest with list[i], if necessary;
// list[i] is in its correct position.
// The next iteration apply on list[i..listSize-1]
}
Expand
double currentMin = list[i];
int currentMinIndex = i;
for (int j = i; j < list.length; j++) {
if (currentMin > list[j]) {
currentMin = list[j];
currentMinIndex = j;
}
}

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for (int i = 0; i < listSize; i++)
{
select the smallest element in list[i..listSize-1];
swap the smallest with list[i], if necessary;
// list[i] is in its correct position.
// The next iteration apply on list[i..listSize-1]
}
Expand
double currentMin = list[i];
int currentMinIndex = i;
for (int j = i; j < list.length; j++) {
if (currentMin > list[j]) {
currentMin = list[j];
currentMinIndex = j;
}
}

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for (int i = 0; i < listSize; i++)
{
select the smallest element in list[i..listSize-1];
swap the smallest with list[i], if necessary;
// list[i] is in its correct position.
// The next iteration apply on list[i..listSize-1]
}
Expand
if (currentMinIndex != i) {
list[currentMinIndex] = list[i];
list[i] = currentMin;
}

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106
 Wrap it in a Method
/** The method for sorting the numbers */
public static void selectionSort(double[] list) {
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
// Find the minimum in the list[i..list.length-1]
double currentMin = list[i];
int currentMinIndex = i;
for (int j = i + 1; j < list.length; j++) {
if (currentMin > list[j]) {
currentMin = list[j];
currentMinIndex = j;
}
}
// Swap list[i] with list[currentMinIndex] if necessary;
if (currentMinIndex != i) {
list[currentMinIndex] = list[i];

}
list[i] = currentMin; Invoke it
}
}
selectionSort(yourList)

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107
 Insertion Sort
int[] myList = {2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6}; // Unsorted
The insertion sort Step 1: Initially, the sorted sublist contains the 2 9 5 4 8 1 6
algorithm sorts a list first element in the list. Insert 9 to the sublist.

of values by
Step2: The sorted sublist is {2, 9}. Insert 5 to the
repeatedly inserting sublist.
2 9 5 4 8 1 6

an unsorted element
into a sorted sublist Step 3: The sorted sublist is {2, 5, 9}. Insert 4 to 2 5 9 4 8 1 6
the sublist.
until the whole list
is sorted. Step 4: The sorted sublist is {2, 4, 5, 9}. Insert 8 2 4 5 9 8 1 6
to the sublist.

Step 5: The sorted sublist is {2, 4, 5, 8, 9}. Insert 2 4 5 8 9 1 6

1 to the sublist.

Step 6: The sorted sublist is {1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9}. 1 2 4 5 8 9 6

Insert 6 to the sublist.

Step 7: The entire list is now sorted 1 2 4 5 6 8 9

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animation

Insertion Sort
int[] myList = {2, 9, 5, 4, 8, 1, 6}; // Unsorted

2 9 5 4 8 1 6
2 9 5 4 8 1 6
2 5 9 4 8 1 6
2 4 5 9 8 1 6
2 4 5 8 9 1 6
1 2 4 5 8 9 6
1 2 4 5 6 8 9

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 How to Insert?

The insertion sort [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
algorithm sorts a list list 2 5 9 4 Step 1: Save 4 to a temporary variable currentElement

of values by [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

repeatedly inserting list 2 5 9 Step 2: Move list[2] to list[3]
an unsorted element [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
into a sorted sublist list 2 5 9 Step 3: Move list[1] to list[2]
until the whole list
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
is sorted. list 2 4 5 9 Step 4: Assign currentElement to list[1]

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 From Idea to Solution
for (int i = 1; 1; i < list,length; i++) {
insert list[i] into a sorted sublist list[0..i-1] so that
list[0..i] is sorted
}

list[0]

list[0] list[1]

list[0] list[1] list[2]

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3]

list[0] list[1] list[2] list[3] ...

InsertSort
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 The Arrays.sort Method
Since sorting is frequently used in programming, Java provides several
overloaded sort methods for sorting an array of int, double, char, short,
long, and float in the java.util.Arrays class. For example, the following
code sorts an array of numbers and an array of characters.

double[] numbers = {6.0, 4.4, 1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

java.util.Arrays.sort(numbers);

char[] chars = {'a', 'A', '4', 'F', 'D', 'P'};

java.util.Arrays.sort(chars);

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 JVA JDK
The Java Development Kit (JDK) is an implementation of either
one of the Java SE, Java EE or Java ME platforms[1] released by
Oracle Corporation in the form of a binary product aimed at Java
developers on Solaris, Linux, Mac OS X or Windows.[2] Since the
introduction of Java platform, it has been by far the most widely
used Software Development Kit (SDK).[citation needed] On 17 November
2006, Sun announced that it would be released under the
GNU General Public License (GPL), thus making it free software.
This happened in large part on 8 May 2007, when Sun contributed
the source code to the OpenJDK.[3]
JDK contents
The JDK has as its primary components a collection of
programming tools, including:
appletviewer – this tool can be used to run and debug Java applets
without a web browser
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