[Link].
org
Seminar
On
CLUSTER
COMPUTING
Submitted To: Submitted By:
[Link] [Link]
Content
• Introduction
• Cluster Categorization
• Cluster Component
• How Does It Work?
• Cluster Architecture
• Cluster Benefits
• Cluster Features
• Cluster Application
• Limitations
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Cluster is a widely used term meaning independent
computers combined into a unified system through
software and networking
Clusters are typically used for High Availability
(HA) for greater reliability or High Performance
Computing (HPC) to provide greater
computational power than a single computer can
provide.
Clusters are composed of many commodity
computers, linked together by a high-speed
dedicated network
Cluster Categorization
• High-availability (HA) clusters
• Load balancing clusters
• High-performance (HPC) clusters
• Grid Cluster
High Availability or Failover Clusters
These clusters are designed to provide uninterrupted availability
of data or services (typically web services) to the end-user
community.
if a node fails, the service can be restored without affecting the
availability of the services provided by the cluster. While the
application will still be available, there will be a performance
drop due to the missing node.
The purpose of these clusters is to ensure that a single instance of
an application is only ever running on one cluster member at a
time but if and when that cluster member is no longer available,
the application will failover to another cluster member.
• High-availability clusters implementations are
best for mission-critical applications or
databases, mail, file and print, web, or
application servers.
Load Balancing Cluster
This type of cluster distributes incoming requests for resources or
content among multiple nodes running the same programs or
having the same content.
Both the high availability and load-balancing cluster
technologies can be combined to increase the reliability,
availability, and scalability of application and data resources that
are widely deployed for web, mail, news, or FTP services.
Every node in the cluster is able to handle requests for the same
content or application.
This type of distribution is typically seen in a web-hosting
environment.
Load Balancing Cluster Diagram
Parallel/Distributed Processing Clusters
parallel processing was performed by multiple
processors in a specially designed parallel
computer. These are systems in which multiple
processors share a single memory and bus
interface within a single computer.
These types of cluster increase availability,
performance, and scalability for applications,
particularly computationally or data intensive
tasks.
Cluster Component
The basic building blocks of clusters are broken
down into multiple categories:
1. Cluster Nodes
2. Cluster Network
3. Network Characterization
How Does It Work?
A user submits a job to the head node. The job
identifies the application to run on the cluster.
The job scheduler on the head node assigns each
task defined by the job to a node and then starts
each application instance on the assigned node.
Results from each of the application instances
are returned to the client via files or databases.
Cluster Architecture
A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed processing
system that consists of a collection of interconnected
stand-alone computers working together as a single,
integrated computing resource
Cluster Computing Features
• Network technologies
• Network Types
• Communication Protocols
• Operating system
• Single System Image (SSI)
• Quorum
CLUSTER BENEFITS
The main benefits of clusters are:
1. Availability
2. Performance
3. Scalability
These benefits map to needs of today's
enterprise business, education, military and
scientific community infrastructures.
Cluster Application
There are three primary categories of
applications that use parallel clusters :
1. Compute Intensive Application.
2. Data or I/O Intensive Applications.
3. Transaction Intensive Applications.
LIMITATIONS
• Typically latency is very high and bandwidth
relatively low.
• Currently there is very little software support for
treating a cluster as a single system.
• Problems exist in the interactions between mixed
application workloads on a single time-shared
computer
Comparing with other distributed computing
Characteristic Cluster Grid P2P
Resource Management (i.e. Centralized Distributed Distributed
memory, objects, storage,
network access, etc)
Resource Ownership Singular Singular or multiple, varies from Singular, multiple, or distributed,
(Often locked to a single node to platform to platform depending on circumstance
prevent data corruption) and architecture
Method of Resource Allocation / Centralized, allocated according Decentralized N/A, there is no single permanent
Scheduling configuration host for centralized data or
resource management.
Everything is transient.
External Representation Single Image Single or multiple image(s) Unknown, it is circumstantial
Inter-Operability Guaranteed within a cluster Enforced within a framework Multiple competing standards
Suggested Equipments Mostly high-end, high capability High-end or commodity systems Any type, including wireless device
systems and embedded systems.
Scaling 2- 16 way (Although, Two to thousands units connection Theoretically, infinite (In actuality, it
theoretically 128+ is depends on network backbone
possible) transmission speed, number of
clients, and type of
transmission protocol…..)
Discovery Mechanism Defined membership (Static or Centralized index, as well as, Always decentralized discovery
Dynamic) multiple decentralized mechanism.
mechanisms.
CONCLUSION
Cluster computing has become a major part of many
research programs because the price to performance
ratio of commodity clusters is very good. Also, because
the nodes in a cluster are clones, there is no single point
of failure, which enhances the reliability to the cluster.
Reference
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
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