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 Transferring data over a transmission

medium between two or more devices,
systems, or places is known as data
communication.

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1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Medium
5. Protocol

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 A communication system is made up of
the following components:

Message:
A message is a piece of information that
is to be transmitted from one person to
another. It could be a text file, an audio
file, a video file, etc.

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 Sender:
It is simply a device that sends data
messages. It can be a computer,
mobile, telephone, laptop, video
camera, or workstation, etc.

 Receiver:
It is a device that receives messages. It
can be a computer, telephone mobile,
workstation, etc.
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Transmission Medium / Communication
Channels:
Communication channels are the medium
that connect two or more workstations.
Workstations can be connected by
either wired media or wireless media.

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Set of rules (Protocol):
When someone sends the data (The
sender), it should be understandable to
the receiver also otherwise it is
meaningless. For example, Sonali sends
a message to Chetan. If Sonali writes in
Hindi and Chetan cannot understand
Hindi, it is a meaningless conversation.

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Set of rules (Protocol):
Therefore, there are some set of rules
(protocols) that is followed by every
computer connected to the internet and
they are:

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TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): It is
responsible for dividing messages into
packets on the source computer and
reassembling the received packet at the
destination or recipient computer. It also
makes sure that the packets have the
information about the source of the message
data, the destination of the message data, the
sequence in which the message data should
be re-assembled, and checks if the message
has been sent correctly to the specific
destination.
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IP(Internet Protocol): Do You ever wonder
how computer determines which packet
belongs to which device. What happens if
the message you sent to your friend is
received by your father? Scary Right.
Well! IP is responsible for handling the
address of the destination computer so
that each packet is sent to its proper
destination. .

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As we know that data communication is communication in
which we can send or receive data from one device to another.
The data communication is divided into three types:
Simplex Communication:
It is one-way communication or we can say that unidirectional
communication in which one device only receives and another
device only sends data and devices uses their entire capacity
in transmission. For example, IoT, entering data using a
keyboard, listing music using a speaker, etc.
Half Duplex communication:
It is a two-way communication, or we can say that it is a
bidirectional communication in which both the devices can
send and receive data but not at the same time. When one
device is sending data then another device is only receiving
and vice-versa. For example, walkie-talkie.

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As we know that data communication is communication in
which we can send or receive data from one device to another.
The data communication is divided into three types:
Simplex Communication:
It is one-way communication or we can say that unidirectional
communication in which one device only receives and another
device only sends data and devices uses their entire capacity
in transmission. For example, IoT, entering data using a
keyboard, listing music using a speaker, etc.

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 Half Duplex communication:
It is a two-way communication, or we can say that it is a
bidirectional communication in which both the devices can
send and receive data but not at the same time. When one
device is sending data then another device is only receiving
and vice-versa. For example, walkie-talkie.

Full-duplex communication:
It is a two-way communication or we can say that it is a
bidirectional communication in which both the devices can
send and receive data at the same time. For example, mobile
phones, landlines, etc.

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Direction of data flow

Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

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Terminology

 The throughput or bandwidth of a channel is

the number of bits it can transfer per second

 The latency or delay of a channel is the time

that elapses between sending information and
the earliest possible reception of it

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Network topologies

 Topology defines the way hosts are

connected to the network

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Network topology issues

a goal of any topology

1. high throughput (bandwidth)

2. low latency

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Bandwidth and Latency
Bandwidth
1. telecommunications: range of radio frequencies: a range of radio
frequencies used in radio or telecommunications transmission and
reception
2. computing: communications capacity: the capacity of a
communications channel, for example, a connection to the Internet, often
measured in bits per second
3. a data transmission rate; the maximum amount of information
(bits/second) that can be transmitted along a channel

Latency
A synonym for delay, is an expression of how much time it takes
for transmission from one designated point to another

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Categories of Topology

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Mostly used network
topologies

bus

mesh

ring
star
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A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three
bus networks

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Hierarchical organization of the
Internet

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Layering & Protocol Stacks

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What’s a protocol?
human protocols:
 “what’s the time?”

 “I have a question”

 introductions

… specific msgs sent

… specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events

network protocols:
 machines rather than humans

 all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

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Protocol

 protocols define format, order of msgs sent

and received among network entities, and
actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
time
Hi
TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
Got the reply.
time? Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm

2:00
<file>

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Standard

 Essential in creating and maintaining an open

and competitive market for equipment
manufacturers
 Guaranteeing national & international
interoperability of data & telecommunication
technology & process.

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Layered Tasks
An example from the everyday life

Hierarchy?
Services

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Why layered communication?

 To reduce complexity of communication task

by splitting it into several layered small tasks
 Functionality of the layers can be changed as
long as the service provided to the layer
above stays unchanged
 makes easier maintenance & updating

 Each layer has its own task

 Each layer has its own protocol
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Reference Models

 OSI reference model

 TCP/IP

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OSI Reference model
 Open System Interconnection
 7 layers

1. Crate a layer when different abstraction is needed

2. Each layer performs a well define function
3. Functions of the layers chosen taking internationally
standardized protocols
4. Number of layers – large enough to avoid
complexity

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Seven layers of the OSI
model

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Exchange using OSI Model

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The interaction between layers in the
OSI model

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Issues, to be resolved by the
layers
 Larger bandwidth at lower cost
 Error correction
 Flow control
 Addressing
 Multiplexing
 Naming
 Congestion control
 Mobility
 Routing
 Fragmentation
 Security
 ....

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OSI Layers

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Physical layer
physical
connection

Transporting bits from one end node to the next

- type of the transmission media (twisted-pair, coax, optical fiber, air)
- bit representation (voltage levels of logical values)
- data rate (speed)
- synchronization of bits (time synchronization)

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Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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Data Link layer
logical
connection

Transporting frames from one end node to the next one

- framing - physical addressing

- flow control - error control
- access control
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Data Link layer
- hop-to-hop delivery-

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Data Link layer
- example-

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Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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Readings

 Chapter 1 (B. A Forouzan)

 Section 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4
 Chapter 2 (B.A Forouzan)
 Section 2.1, 2.2

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