Definition and

Concepts
Jopher A. Valeriano, MAN
Clinical Instructor
 Learning Objectives

01 02
Describe the Characteristics of Discuss the purpose and use of
Mental Health and Mental the American Psychiatric
Illness Association’s Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, fifth edition (DSM 5)

03
Define Concepts
 Introduction
As you begin the study of psychiatric–
mental health nursing, you may be
excited, uncertain, and even somewhat
anxious. The field of mental health often
seems a little unfamiliar or mysterious,
making it hard to imagine what the
experience will be like or what nurses do
in this area. This chapter addresses
these concerns and others by providing
an overview of the history of mental
illness, advances in treatment, current
issues in mental health, and the role of
the psychiatric nurse.
 Mental
Health &
0 Mental
Illness
- Mental Health

1
- Mental Illness
- Causes of Mental Illness
 MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL
ILLNESS
Mental health and Mental Illness are
difficult to define. People who can
carry out their roles in society and
whose behavior is appropriate and
adaptive are viewed as healthy.
Conversely, those who fail to fulfill
roles and carry out responsibilities
or whose behavior is inappropriate
are viewed as ill.
 MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL
ILLNESS
The culture of any society strongly
influences its values and beliefs, and
this, in turn, affects how that society
defines health and illness.

What one society may view as

acceptable and appropriate, another
society may see as maladaptive and
inappropriate.
Mental Health
- Mental Health has been defined in the past as the
absence of Mental Illness

- Mental Health includes not only the absence of

mental illness but encompasses the individual’s
“overall emotional and psychological condition”.
This includes the way a person thinks, feels,
interact and behave within his environment. Thus
we can say that mental health is “the balance
between all aspects of life – social, physical,
spiritual and emotional.
Mental Health
- Mental Health is a state of well–being in which the
individual realizes his or her own abilities, can
cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a
contribution to his or her community (WHO)

- Mental Health is a state of emotional,

psychological, and social wellness evidenced by
satisfying interpersonal relationships, effective
behavior and coping, positive self-concept, and
emotional stability.
Mental Health
NOTE !!
- Mental Health is relative as it is dependent on
cultural context. This means that what may be
considered a healthy practice in one culture may
be considered absurd or impractical in another
culture.

- No single universal definition of mental health

exists. Generally, a person’s behavior can provide
clues to his or her mental health. Because each
person can have a different view or interpretation
of behavior (depending on his or her values and
beliefs), thus, the determination of mental health
Mental Illness
- Mental Illness “is any disease or condition affecting the brain
that influence the way a person thinks, feels, behaves and/or
relates to others and to his or her surroundings” resulting in
impairment in the ability to function psychologically, socially,
occupationally or interpersonally.

- Mental Illness is “a clinically significant behavior or

psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual
and that is associated with present distress or disability or with
significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability or
an important loss of freedom (APA)
Mental Illness
- Mental Illness includes disorders that affect mood,
behavior, and thinking, such as depression,
schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and addictive
disorders. Mental disorders often cause significant
distress or impaired functioning or both.
Individuals experience dissatisfaction with self,
relationships, and ineffective coping. Daily life can
seem overwhelming or unbearable. Individuals
may believe that their situation is hopeless.
 Causes of Mental
-Illness
The exact cause of the different
mental illness is still unknown.
However, many major research
show that mental illness is often
multi-factorial in origin, the cause
can be traced to a combination of
Genetic, Biological,
Psychological and
 Causes of Mental
Illness Factors
1.Biologic – Mental Illness such
as schizophrenia, depression and mania
have been associated with imbalances of
the brain’s neurotransmitters. These
neurotransmitters may either be deficient
or excessive in amount resulting in
abnormal transmission of messages
across brain cells.
Causes of Mental
Illness
a. Heredity (Biologic Factors)
- Many mental illness tend to run in families and occur
more often in persons with relatives who have the
disorder.
- It is believed that it could be caused by one or more
genes that are responsible on how a person thinks,
acts, and the person’s temperament.
- These genes may not directly cause mental illness but
increases a person’s susceptibility to develop the
illness. Interaction of genetic factors and environmental
or psychological stressors such as a traumatic
experience, could trigger the onset of mental illness.
 Causes of Mental
Illness
1. Biologic Factors

b. Infection on the Brain and Spinal cord

- Certain infections have been linked with the
development of mental illness or its symptoms. These
infections may trigger or cause a worsening of an
already existing
c. Prenatal Factorsmental disorder.
- Prenatal conditions that could impair normal fetal brain
development such as maternal alcohol abuse and
hypothyroidism have been known to cause mental
retardation.
 Causes of Mental
Illness
1. Biologic Factors

d. Brain Injury
- Brain injury such as head trauma have been associated
with mental disorders such as amnesia.
2. Psychological Trauma – Many mental illnesses can also
be traced with severe psychological traumas that have
occurred in the past such as childhood abuse or neglect or
recently such being involved in tragic accident.
 Causes of Mental
3. Illness
Environmental Stressors – These
include conditions such as exposure to
dysfunctional family life, change of school
residence, living in poverty line, substance
abuse by parents, and social or cultural
expectations (a society that equates
beauty with thinness) that may trigger the
development of mental illness.
 Diagnostic and
Statistical
0 Manual of
Mental
2 Disorders (DSM
5-TR)
 Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5-TR)
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text
Revision (DSM-5-TR) features the most
current text updates based on scientific
literature with contributions from more
than 200 subject matter experts.
 Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders
- (DSM-5-TR)
The revised version includes a new diagnosis (prolonged
grief disorder), clarifying modifications to the criteria sets
for more than 70 disorders, addition of International
Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical
Modification (ICD-10-CM) symptom codes for suicidal
behavior and non-suicidal, self-injury, and updates to
descriptive text for most disorders based on extensive
review of the literature.
 Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders
- (DSM-5-TR)
In addition, DSM-5-TR includes a comprehensive
review of the impact of racism and
discrimination on the diagnosis and
manifestations of mental disorders.

- The manual help clinicians and researchers

define and classify mental disorders, which can
improve diagnoses, treatment and research.
 DSM-5 Purposes
- To provide a standardized nomenclature
and language for all mental health
professionals
- To present defining characteristics or
symptoms that differentiate specific
diagnoses
- To assist in identifying the underlying
causes of disorders
 Definition of
0 Concepts

3
Definition of Concepts

HEALTH
01
Health is a complete state of physical, mental, and
social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO)
02
MENTAL HEALTH
A state of well-being in which the individual realizes
his/her own abilities, can cope
With the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to
make a contribution to his or her community.
(WHO)
Definition of Concepts
3 MENTAL ILLNESS/MENTAL HEALTH CONDITION

A neurologic or psychiatric condition characterized

by the existence of a recognizable, disturbance in
an individual's cognition, emotional regulation,
02
behavior that reflects a genetic dysfunction in the
neurobiological, psychosocial, or developmental
processes affecting mental functioning. The
determination of whether a mental health condition
exists shall be based on the best available scientific
and medical evidence. (RA11036)
Definition of Concepts

HEALTH SYSTEM
01 The sum total of all the organizations, institutions and resources that aim to
improve the health of the population they serve. It should provide adequate and
financially fair services, quality universal healthcare and resources, and protect
everybody's right to health through professional or non‐professional support.
(WHO)

CARE DELIVERY
02 Rendering care services to the people. (WILLIAMS-TUNGPALAN, 1987)

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

03 The network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering
health care to the people. (WILLIAMS-TUNGPALAN, 1981)
THANK YOU!!!