MILLITARY SKILLS
DEVELOPMENT
MODULE
Prepared by : SGT. Ronie M. Pascual PA (Res)
1CL Jessa A. Peñaflor PA (Res)
INSTRUCTOR
S PROFILE:
Name: CDT MAJ JOSSA A
BARNAJA 1CL
Designation: Brigade G1
Schooling:
* RSCT CL 2022-2023
MASINTALAK
* ARAPT 31-32 CL 2022-2023
MASINTALAK
* ARAPT 41-42 CL 2023-2024
AMASIDLAK
MAP READING AND LAND
NAVIGATION
Definition
A map is graphic representation of a portion of the earth surface
drawnto scale and seen from above.
Documentation of events and phenomena that effects the land
surface , It uses color , symbol and labels to represent features found
on the ground.
1. A. Therefore to be understanable features must be repesented by
conventional sign and symbols.
2. B. The portrayal of many features requires similar exaggeration.
Purpose
A map provides information on the existence location of and the
distance betwenn ground features such as populated places and
communication.
It also indicates variations in terrain heights of natural festures and
the extend of vegetaton cover.
To our military units dispersed throughtout the country , it is
necessary to rely on maps to provide information to support tactical
and stragtegic operation.
Security
All maps should be considered as document that require special
handling , if a map falls into unauthorized hands it could easily
endanger military operations by providing information of friendly
plans or areas of interest to the enemy.
a. If map is no longer needed must be turned in to the proper authority.
B. There are agrements that permit to United States to make and use
maps of our country provided these maps are not release of any third
party without permission of our government.
c. Some maps be classified and must be handled and cared for in
accordance with local security directives.
Protection of Map
Categories
Categories Military maps are categories by scale and type.
Because a map is graphic repsentation of a portion of the earth'
surface drawn to scale as seen from above.
it is important to know what mathematical scales has been used you
must know this to determine the ground distance between two
objects or location ot the map the size of the size of the area covered
and how to scale and affect the amount of details shown
1. The terms “small scale” shown “medium scale” and large may be
cunfusing with number.
a. Small , those maps with scales of 1,1,00,000 and smaller are
used for general planning and for strategies studies , The standard
small-scale map is 1,100,000 this map covers a very large land area
and expense of detail.
b. Medium , those maps with scales larger than 1,100,000 but
smaller than 1,75,000 are used to for operational planning they
contain a moderate amount of detail.
c. Large those mapa with scales of 1,75,00o and large are used
for tactical, administrative, and logistics planning.
2. Planimetric Map – This is a map that presents
only the horizontal positions for features
represented.
3. Topographic Map – This is a map that portrays
terrain features in a measurable way (usually
through use of contouring) as well the horizontal
position of features represented.
• 4. Photomap this production of an aerial
photograph upon which grid lines marginal
data , place name , route numbers
important , evaluators bounderies and
appproximate scale and direction have been
added.
5. Joint Operation graphics these are based
on the format of the standard.
6. Photomosaic this is an assembly of aerial
photographs that is commonly called a
mosaic in topographic usage.
7. Terrain model showing features and in large scale
and models showing industrial and scale shapes.
8 Military City Map showing the delineators streets ,
streets names , important building and other element
of the urban landscape important to navigation and
military operation in urban terrain.
9. Special Maps , Special purposes as trafficability
communication and assult maps.
Military Map Substitutes
if military maps are not available substitutes will have to be
used.
a. Atlases are collections of maps of regions , counteries
contiments on the world.
b. Geographic Maps give an overall idea of the mapped area in
relation to climate, population, relief, vegetations and
hydrography.
c. Tourist Road Maps of a region in which the main means of
transportion and areas of interest are shown.
d. City Utility Maps urban areas showing streets, water ducts,
electricity and telephone lines and seweres.
e. Field Sketchers these are preminary drawings of an area of
piece of terrain.
f. Aerial Photograph Map sumplements or substitutes to help
you analyze the terrain plan your route or guide your
movement.
g. Satellite image helps commanders decide on the best course
of action based on detection.
Marginal Information
Topographical map shows reduced version of a large – scale
topographic map.
Sheet Name (1) is found in bold print at the center of the top and in the lower
left area of the map.
a. Sheet Name (2) is found in bold print both the upper right and lower left
areas of the margin and in the center box of adjoining sheets digram which
found in the lower right margin.
b. Series Name (3) the map series name is found in the same bold print
corner of the margin.
c. Scale (4) is found both in the upper left margin after series name and in
the center of the lower margin.
d. Series Name (5) the series number is found in both the upper right mrgin
and the lower left margin.
e. Edition Number (6) found in bold print in the upper right area of the top
margin and the lower left area of the bottom margin
f. Index to bounderies (7) the index to bounderies diagram appers in the
lower ir right margin of all the sheets.
H. Adjoining sheets diagram (8) Maps at all standard
scales contain a diagram that illustrates the
adjoining sheets.
I Elevationn Guide (9) this normally found in the
lower right margin.
J. Declination diagram (10) this located in the lower
margin of large scale maps.
K. Bar Scales (11) these are location in the center of
the lower margin.
L. Contour Interval Note (12) found in the center of
the lower margin below the scales.
M. Spheroid Note (13) located in the center of the
lower margin normally below the bar scales.
N. Grid Note (14) locaten. Grid Note (14) located in
the center of the lower margin. d in the center of
the lower margin.
O. Projection Note (15) projection system is the
framework of the map.
P. Vertical datum Note (16) located in the center of
the lower margin.
Q. Horizontal Datum Note (17) located at center of
the lower map.
R. Control Note (18) Indicates the special agencies
involved in the control techinical.
S.Preparation (19) Agencies responsible for
preparing the map..
T.Printing Note (20) responsible preparing
the data map was printed.
U. Grid Reference Box (21) it contains
instructions for composting a guide
reference.
V. Unit Important and Symbol (22)
responsible preparing the data map was
printed.
W. Legend (23) Ilustrates and indenties the
topographic.
Scale and Distance;
(Graphic Bar Scale and face
counting)
Map is a scale graphic reprehensentations of
a portion of the earth’s surface
Thescale of the map permits the user to
convert distance on the map to distance on
the ground or vice versa.
Methods of Expressing Direction;
Azimuths; Grid Azimuths.
Millitary personnel need a way of expressing direction that is accurate is
adaptable to any part of the world and has a common unit of measure.
a. Degreee – The most common unit of measure is the degree with its
subdivison of minutes.
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minutes = 60 seconds
Mil – Anoter set of measure the mil (abbreviated m) is used mainly in artillery
tank and mortar gunnery.
c. Grad – The grad is a metric unit of measure found on some foreign map.
There are 400 gradd in a circle (a 90° right angle equals 100 grads.
The grad is divided into 100 centestimal minutes (centigrade) and the minute into
100
Centesimal seconds (milligrads)
2. Base line in order to measure somerthing there must always
be a starting point or zero measurement.
a. True North a line from any point on the earth surface to the
north pole , All lines of longitude are true lines , True north
is usually reprensented by a star.
b. Magnetic North direction to the north magnetic pole , as
indicated by north-seeking need of a magnetic instruments.
c. Grid North that is established using the vertical grid lines
on the map , grid symbolize by the letter GN on the letter
“Y”
Azimuths; Grid Azimuths; The
lenatic compass
3. Azimuths. An azimuths is defined as horizontal angle
measured clockwise from a north base line.
The azimuth is the most common military method to
express direction.
A. Back Azimuth – Back azimuth is thr opposite direction
of an azimuth it is composable to doing an “about face”
B. Magnetic Azimuth – defermined by using magnetic
instruments such as lensatic and M-2 compasses.
C. Field Expedient Methods – Several Field-expendient
methods to determine direction.
Grid Azimuth – When a azimuth is plotted of a map between
point b (starting point) and point B (ending point) The points
are joined together by a straight line.
Compass Handling; The center Hold
Techniques; The center hold techniques;
Handling for compass
Compasses are the primary navigation tools to use when moving in an
outdoor world where there is no other way to find directions. Soldiers
should be thoroughly familiar with the compass and its uses.
1. Type of Compasses – the lensatic compass it the commob snd
simplest instrument for measuring direction.
2. Lensatic Compass – consist three type major parts the cover , base
and lens.
a. Cover – The compass cover protectd the floating dial.
b. Base – The body of the compass containsthe following movable
parts.
c. Lens – Is used to read and dial it contains the real sight slot used
in conjuction with front for sighting on object.
3. Compass Handling
Compasses are delicate instruments and should be cared for accordingly.
A. Using the Compass-to-Cheek Technique. Fold the cover of the compass
containing the sighting wire to a vertical position; then fold the rear sight slightly
forward.
B. Using the Compass-to-Cheek Technique. Fold the cover of the compass
containing the sighting wire to a vertical position; then fold the rear sight slightly
forward
High-tension ------------ 55 meters
Field gun , truck or tank ---------- 18 meters
Telegraph or Telephone , wires and barbed wires ---------- 10 meters
Machine gun ------ 2 meters
Steel hemet or riffle ------- ½ meters
C. Accuracy. A compass in good working condition is very accurate.
D.Protection. If traveling with the compass unfolded, make sure the rear sight is fully
folded down onto the bezel ring.
The techniques employed when using the lensatic compass are as
follows:
a. Using the Centerhold Technique. First, open the compass to its fullest so that the cover
forms a straightedge with the base. Move the lens (rear sight) to the rearmost position,
allowing the dial to float freely. Next, place your thumb through the thumb loop, form a
steady base with your third and fourth fingers.
(1) It is faster and easier to use.
(2) It can be used under all conditions of visibility.
(3) It can be used when navigating over any type of terrain.
(4) It can be used without putting down the rifle; however, the rifle must be slung
well back over either shoulder.
(5) It can be used without removing eyeglasses
B. Using the Compass-to-Cheek Technique. Fold the cover of the compass
containing the sighting wire to a vertical position; then fold the rear sight slightly
forward.
C. Presetting a compass and following an azimuth
Thankyou and God
bless ! 🙏
