COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC

HEALTH FOR MEDICAL

LABORATORY SCIENCE
ABIGAIL B. ANZIA, RND, JD
Instructor 1
CAHS - CSU Andrews
 COMMUNITY AND
DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS,
THEORIES, AND STRATEGIES
HISTORY OF COMMUNITY AND
PUBLIC HEALTH
• Pre-Spanish Era (before 1565)
• Babaylans were considered as healer, prietess and leader
• Spanish Era (1565-1898)
• Hospitals were created for the welfare of spanish soldiers that succumbed to tropical diseases
• First epidemic 1574: small pox (bolotong); smallpox vaccine was introduced
• Health Care Under the Americans (1898-1918)
• PGH was opened; UP College of Medicine was opened
• Worst epidemic in Philippine History: cholera; cholera vaccine was first tried
• Building more hospitals and formal medical education and medical benefits were given to Filipinos
• Commonwealth Period (1936-1941)
• Reorganization of public health laboratory with modern facilities – establishment of a unit for treatment and study of cancer
• Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)
• Increase incidence of TB, venereal diseases, Malaria, leprosy and malnutrition
• Post Word War II (1945-1972)
• Introduction of penicillin to treat gonnorhea
• BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) was used for mass vaccination for prevention of tuberculosis
• Rural Health Units)were established in municipalities under Pres. Ramon Magsaysay who introduced “Health Care for the
masses”
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Health
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is "a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
• Community Health
• the health of a community's members, the health care they receive, and the factors that affect their health
• Public Health
• The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized
community efforts.
• Wellness
• A dynamic process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life
• Illness
• A subjective state of feeling unwell or experiencing symptoms
• Disease
• An objectively measurable condition that impairs normal functioning
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• Physical health
• The ability of the body to function properly, free from illness, injury, or disability
• Mental health
• Psychological and emotional well-being, affecting how individuals think, feel, and
behave in daily life
• Social health
• Ability to form relationships and adapt to social situations
• Spiritual health
• Finding meaning and purpose in life
• Environmental health
• Living in harmony with one's surroundings
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND
DISEASE
1. Biological factors
• inherent characteristics that influence a person's health and susceptibility to
diseases
2. Environmental factors
• external conditions that affect health of an individual
3. Socio-economic factors
• influence health through:
a. Income
b. Education
c. Employment
d. social support, and
e. healthcare access
PUBLIC HEALTH: ESSENTIAL
SERVICES AND CORE FUNCTIONS
• ASSESSMENT
• Assessment involves systematically collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data
to monitor the health status of the population.
• POLICY DEVELOPMENT
• Policy development involves creating policies, laws, and regulations that guide
public health practice
• ASSURANCE
• Assurance involves ensuring that necessary health services are available and
accessible to the population, promoting health equity
PUBLIC HEALTH ACHIEVEMENTS
Public health achievements refer to the significant improvements in the
overall health of a population, which are typically the result of well-
coordinated interventions and policies aimed at preventing disease,
promoting health, and improving well-being.
• Disease Control
• Health Protection
• Health Promotion
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1. Primary prevention
• preventing the onset of disease or injury before it occurs
2. Secondary prevention
• focuses on the early detection and intervention of diseases before they cause
significant harm
3. Tertiary prevention
• managing and mitigating the impact of an already established disease or
injury
4. Quaternary prevention
• prevent unnecessary or potentially harmful medical interventions
LEVELS OF CLIENTELE
1. Individual
• focusing on personalized healthcare needs
2. Family
• targets the family as the primary unit of health intervention
3. Community
• involves public health interventions that focus on populations within a
specific community or locality
4. Population
• interventions are aimed at the entire nation or large population groups
ETHICAL VALUES IN PUBLIC HEALTH
• Beneficence
• Promoting public good
• Justice
• Fair distribution of health resources
• Respect for Autonomy
• Individual right to make health decisions
• Non-maleficence
• Avoiding harm
DEMOGRAPHY
I. Sources of Demographic Date
a) Primary Sources
• Census (Philippine Statistics Authority)
• Civil Registration
• Sample Surveys
b) Secondary Sources
• Philippine Health Statistics
• Local Government Unit Records
• Hospital Records
DEMOGRAPHY
II. Health Status Indicators / Vital Indices (CBR; MMR; CDR; IMR;
SWAROOPS index & etc.)
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
• number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population in a specific year

• Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

• number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births
DEMOGRAPHY
II. Health Status Indicators / Vital Indices (CBR; MMR; CDR; IMR;
SWAROOPS index & etc.)
• Crude Death Rate (CDR)
• number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population over a specific period (usually
one year)

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

• number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births
DEMOGRAPHY
II. Health Status Indicators / Vital Indices (CBR; MMR; CDR; IMR;
SWAROOPS index & etc.)
• Swaroop’s Index
• proportion of deaths that occur in individuals aged 50 years and above
THANK YOU 