HANDLING OF MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS

A. DO’S
1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning
them to the storage room.
2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such
as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers and compasses to
avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the
housing or case of a pull-push rule to avoid wearing off
of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.
B. DON’T’S
1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push
rule with bare hands to avoid injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much
to avoid the coil spring from damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.
 Perform Mensuration and Calculations
Measurement Systems
-The basic measurement in the English system is
the Yard divided into Feet and Inches abbreviated as
follows: Yard – Yd. , Feet – Ft. , and Inches as In.
The Metric System or the Systems International (SI)
use Meter as the basic unit of measure divided into
Decimeters, Centimeters, and Millimeters with the
following abbreviations when used.
-Meter (m)
-Centimeter (cm)
-Decimeter (dm)
-Millimeter (mm)
The measuring tool available in the workshop
contains English System in one side and Metric
System on the other. In the English System, the inch
is divided into 16 graduations. The first graduation
reads 1/16, the second 2/16 or 1/8, the third as 3/16
and so on.
Metric to English Equivalents
 English to Metric Equivalents

Converting from one unit to another might be tricky

at first, so an organized way of doing it would be a
good starting point. For example:
For example:
1 m / 39.3701 inches = 1
1 m / 3.28084 feet = 1
These conversion factors may be used to convert
from one unit to another. Just remember that you are
converting from one unit to another so cancelling
same units would guide you in how to use your
conversion factors.
For example:
Another example:
1 foot = 0.3048 meters
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 inch = 25.4 mm
 Evaluating Hazards and Risks
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
1. Physical Hazards- Hazards due to the transfer of
energy between an object and a worker.
 Excessive noise
 Inadequate illumination
Extreme temperature
Extreme pressure
Vibration
Radiation
Inadequate ventilation
Cluttered area
Ignorance or carelessness of the worker
2. Chemical Hazards- These hazards arise from inhaling
chemical agents in the form of vapor gases, dust, fumes, mist,
or by skin contact with these materials.
• Mist Fine particles of a liquid float in air
• Gases- substances in gaseous state but are always airborne at
room temperature.
• Vapor- results when substances that are liquid at room
temperature evaporate.
• Dust- solid harmful substances are ground, cut or crushed
by mechanical actions. Fumes- gas is condensed in air,
chemically changed and becomes fine solid particles
which float in air.
Four Possible Routes of Entry of Chemical Hazards
1. Inhalation- breathing in toxics is the most common and
dangerous route.
2. Ingestion- toxics enter through the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Absorption- toxics pass through skin into the
bloodstream.
4. Injection- toxics may be injected into the body
(needles, etc.)- the least common, yet most direct route
of entry
3.Biological Hazard- Hazards caused by living
organisms which include insects, molds, fungi, viruses,
and bacterial contamination; from defects in sanitation
and housekeeping procedures, such as in the provision
of potable water, removal of industrial wastes and
sewage, food handling, and personal cleanliness.
Agents of Biological Hazards
• Bacteria – simple, one-celled organisms that may or
may not be harmful.
• Viruses – organisms that depend on a host cell for
development or reproduction
• Fungi – may be small or large parasitic organisms
growing in a living or dead plant or animal
• Rickettsia – rod-shaped microorganisms that are
smaller than bacteria and depend on a host for
development or reproduction. Microorganisms
transmitted by fleas, ticks, and lice
Common Health Problems from Biological Hazards:
a. Tuberculosis (TB)
b. Tetanus
c. Viral Hepatitis
d. HIV/AIDS
Diseases caused by virus:
a. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
b. Hepatitis B Infection
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
d. Rabies
4. Ergonomic Hazards- Hazards commonly seen in
the workplace, which are improperly designed tools
or work areas, improper lifting or reaching, poor
visual conditions or repeated motions in an awkward
position that may be responsible for fatigue, stress
and strain and may lead to accidents in the
occupational environment.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and
devices that fit the workers.
Effects of Ergonomic Hazards
a. low productivity
b. high rate of errors
c. material wastage and equipment
Health Problems caused by Ergonomics
a. musculoskeletal problems
b. vascular problems
c. visual problems
d. hearing problems
e. skin problem
f. psychological problems
Welding Safety
Safety is a critical consideration for any welding
project. Arc welding is a safe occupation when proper
precautions are taken, but if safety measures are
ignored, welders face an array of hazards that can be
potentially dangerous, including electric shock, fumes
and gases, fire, explosions, and more.
1. Electric shock – maybe caused by open and not
properly insulated cable, workers are advised to
regularly check electrical wiring connection.
Check primary circuit Check welding cable for
wiring connection crack or cut insulation

Do not put welding cable

around the part of your
body.
2.Arc rays can damage both eyes and skin, so wear
proper protective clothing and filter lenses.
BURN CAUSED BY
LIGHT:
• Ultra violet light- can cause
first degree or second degree
burn to the eyes and skin
• Infrared – wave that is felt
as heat
• Visible light- light that we
see - producer of varying
quantities and color
3. Fumes and Gases- Use proper ventilation and
position yourself out of the fume flow.

The bigger diameter of the Dangerous powder dust

electrode, the more comes from weld fumes
ventilation is required. filtered during welding.
4.Fire and explosion- may result from faulty
welding operation. Always understand the
environment where you are welding and never take
anything for granted.

Proper procedure for welding in a tank

5. Compressed gas- must be handled in such a way
as to prevent personal or equipment damage.
6. Face and eye protection - must be worn at all
times in the workplace. This includes safety goggles
and full -faced mask.
Protection
Clothing against
sparks and hot
metals:
6. Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.

Wear proper body, face, and

eye protection
SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
The use of symbols on precautionary labels is
optional, and is recommended for the following
reasons:
• Symbols may show and help to explain the hazards
quickly.
• Symbols can be understood by both readers and
non-readers.
• Symbols may be multilingual and usually translate
directly into all languages.
 Welding and cutting industry have adopted standardized
symbols and uniform methods of use to avoid user confusion
and to supplement and reinforce the written message.
Words
The large word at the top of the label is called the signal
word. It is used in combination with a specific colored
background and combined with the safety alert symbol to
indicate the degree of seriousness of a potential hazard.
Because of its colored background, the signal word is usually
the first element that you notice when looking at a safety
label. According to International Standard Organization
(ISO), there are three (3) choices for a signal word:
1. DANGER- Used to
indicate an imminently
hazardous situation which,
if avoided, will result in
death or serious injury.
The use of this signal
word should be limited to
the most extreme
situations.
2. WARNING- This
indicates a potentially
hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, could result
in death or serious injury.
3. CAUTION- Used to
indicate a potentially
hazardous situation which, if
not avoided, may result in
minor or moderate injury.
Color
Since color is typically the first thing that draws
the attention of the viewer, the color-coded
surrounding shapes act as a first level of meaning
and, as you draw closer to the sign, you are able to
distinguish the specific information conveyed by the
graphic symbol.
Example A is an ISO “Warning Safety Sign”.
This type of label is meant to tell what the hazard is
(e.g. “fire hazard”).
 Example B is an ISO “Prohibition Safety Sign”.
This label tells about an action not to take in order to
avoid a hazard (e.g. “no open flame”).
Example C is an ISO “Mandatory Action Safety
Sign”. This label defines an action that needs to be
taken to avoid the hazard (e.g. “read manual”).
Classification of Safety Signs
1. Regulatory Signs- signs contain instructions.
Failure to comply with them constitutes an offense
under law, standing orders, company policy, etc.
a. Mandatory signs are regulatory signs which
indicate that an instruction must be carried out.
When symbols are used, they are white on a blue
disc. Text-only mandatory signs are black or white in
a portrait format.
2. Prohibition signs- are regulatory signs which
indicate that an action or activity is not allowed. The
symbolic shape used on prohibition signs is the red
circle and slash over a black symbol. Prohibition
signs may contain only the red circle and text with no
symbol.
3. Warning Signs- signs which warn of a hazard or
hazardous condition that is not likely to be life-
threatening. The symbolic shape used on warning
signs is black triangle with yellow interior and black
symbol. The word warning is not required to print on
the sign, although it is often used for added impact.
4. Danger Signs- signs which warn of a hazard or
hazardous condition is likely life threatening. It is
recommended that symbols not be used on danger
signs.
5. Fire Signs- advice the location of fire alarms and
firefighting equipment. Fire signs contain a white
symbol and/or text on a red background.
6. Emergency Information Signs- indicate the
location of, or direction to, emergency- related
facilities (exits, first aid, safety equipment, etc.).
These signs feature a white symbol and/or text on a
green background.
7. General Information Signs- communicate
information of a general nature in order to avoid
misunderstanding or confusion. These signs often
refer to housekeeping, company practices and
logistics.