Soft Computing Lecture -2

Introduction to Soft Computing

4th Semester CSE (AR-23)

1 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Lecture -2

Outline of the Lecture

 Quick overview of previous Class

 Brief descriptions of different components of soft computing.

 Neural Network

 Fuzzy Logic

 Genetic Algorithm (Evaluation Computing)

2 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Quick overview of previous Class

 Concept of Computation
 Soft Computing Techniques
 Hard computing
 Soft computing
 How soft computing?
 Hard computing vs. Soft computing

3 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Brief descriptions of different components of soft computing.

Neural
Neuro Fuzzy Network Neuro Genetic

Neuro Fuzzy
Fuzzy Genetic Genetic
Logic Algorithm

Fuzzy Genetic

Different components of soft computing.

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Soft Computing Neural Network

As we earlier discussed about computing methods such as

hard computing and soft computing by highlighting
advantages of both the techniques along with their detailed
classification.
It justifies the needs of soft computing methods for
designing an intelligent systems.
Soft Computing refers to a consortium of computational
methodologies. Some of its principal components include
Neural Networks (NN), Fuzzy Logic (FL) and Genetic
Algorithms (GA), all having their roots in Artificial
Intelligence (Al).
Also, a combination of one or more of the methodologies
mentioned termed hybrid systems has resulted in the
emergence of a new class of systems such as Neuro‑Fuzzy,
Fuzzy‑Genetic, Neuro‑Genetic and Neuro‑Fuzzy-Genetic hybrid
systems.
5 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025
Soft Computing Neural Network

“Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science

concerned with designing intelligent computer systems”
that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate
with intelligence in human behavior.
“Al is a branch of computer science that is concerned with
the automation of intelligent behavior”.
Neural network being a simplified model of biological
neuron system is a massively parallel distributed
processing system made up of highly interconnected neural
computing elements that have an ability to learn and thereby
acquire knowledge and make it available for use.

6 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Neural Network

Human Brain consists of approximately 1011 no of Neurons

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Soft Computing Biological Neuron

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Soft Computing Human Brain

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 Soft Computing Biological Neuron & Artificial Neuron

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 Soft Computing Artificial Neuron

Bias
Inputs Weights
b
x1 w1
x2 w2
y
n Output

x3 w3 xw
i 1
i i

Activation
....

....

Sumation Function
xn wn Unit

An Artificial Neuron
11 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025
 Soft Computing Introduction to Fuzzy Logic

The term fuzzy refers to things which are not clear or are
vague. In the real world many times we encounter a situation
when we can’t determine whether the state is true or false,
their fuzzy logic provides a very valuable flexibility for
reasoning. In this way, we can consider the inaccuracies and
uncertainties of any situation.
In Boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents absolute truth
value and 0.0 represents absolute false value. But in the fuzzy
system, there is no logic for absolute truth and absolute false
value. But in fuzzy logic, there is intermediate value too
present which is partially true and partially false.
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth
values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1
both inclusive.

12 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Boolean Logic Vs Fuzzy Logic

Yes / 1

Is it Cold? Boolean Logic

No / 0

Very Cold / 1.0

Is it Cold? Not Quite Cold / 0.5 Fuzzy Logic

Not Cold / 0.0

13 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Genetic Algorithm

Genetic algorithms are randomized search algorithms that have

been developed in an effort to imitate the mechanics of natural
selection and natural genetics. Genetic algorithms operate on
string structures, like biological structures, which are evolving in
time according to the rule of survival of the fittest by using a
randomized yet structured information exchange. Thus, in every
generation, a new set of strings is created, using parts of the fittest
members of the old set. The main characteristics of a genetic
algorithm are as follows:
The genetic algorithm works with a coding of the parameter set,
not the parameters themselves.
The genetic algorithm initiates its search from a population of
points, not a single point.
The genetic algorithm uses payoff information, not derivatives.
The genetic algorithm uses probabilistic transition rules, not
deterministic ones.
14 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025
 Soft Computing Genetic Algorithm

GA is based on the concept

of ‘Survival of the Fittest’.
GA represents the solutions
in the form of chromosomes
and the fitness of the
chromosomes is evaluated.
The more fit solutions are
selected for the reproduction
using the crossover operator.
The mutation operator is
used to maintain the
diversity the population.

15 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Different components of soft computing Overview
Artificial Neural Networks: Fuzzy logic System: Genetic Algorithm:
Neural Networks in Soft Fuzzy Logic in Soft Genetic Algorithm in Soft
Computing – Human brains in Computing – Computing – Nature is and
a way describe the real world Fuzzy logic is a will always be an amazing
conditions, which computers mathematical logic, source of inspiration for all
cannot. In order to solve this which attempts to of mankind.
issue, for the first time, neural solve problems with Genetic algorithms
networks were developed in an open, imprecise (GA) take all their
the 1950s. An spectrum of data that inspiration from nature, and
artificial neural network is an makes it possible to there are no less genetic
attempt to emulate a network get an array of precise algorithms based on search-
of neurons that make a human findings. Fuzzy logic based algorithms that find
brain so that computers can be is designed to be its roots in natural selection
able to learn things and make considered the best and concepts of genetics.
decisions in a human way. possible decision by The genetic algorithm is
ANN is made by regular considering all also a subset of a large
computer programming as if available information branch of computation (also
they are mutually associated and looking an input. called evolutionary
with brain cells. computation).

16 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Major Areas of Soft Computing

Some stunning Application areas of Soft Computing are:

Actuarial Science
Agricultural Production Engineering
Medicine and Biology Application
Construction and Design Engineering
Computer Engineering
Sins Forecasting (Demand & Supply)
Computational Process
Natural Environmental Engineering
Fault-Tolerance
Machine Learning
Signal Processing
Mechanical Engineering
Materials Engineering
Disease Diagnosis
Nano Technology
Pattern Recognition and Many more………

17 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Application of Soft Computing

There are various Applications of Soft Computing are:

Consumer appliance like AC, Refrigerator, Heaters, Washing
machine.
Robotic works in the form of Emotional Pet robots.
Food preparation devices are Microwave and Rice cookers.
For amusing gaming playing product like Checker and Poker
etc.
Recognition for Handwriting.
Data compression / Image Processing
For Different Architecture
Decision-support System
Applications in Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Natural Language Processing
Data Mining / Sentiment Mining
And so on…………..

18 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Advantages of Soft Computing

These are many Advantages of Soft Computing are:

Work as human being reasoning

Nearest human thinking
Biological inspiration
Tolerance to imprecision
Can be captured uncertainty and vagueness values
Perceive Linguistic Variables
Work in equations and conditions

19 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Question Answers
1. Why do we need biological neural networks?

a) To solve tasks like machine vision & natural language

processing
b) To apply heuristic search methods to find solutions of
problem
c) To make smart human interactive & user friendly
system
d) All of the mentioned

Answer: d

Explanation: These are the basic aims that a neural network

achieves.

20 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Question Answers
2. What is the trend in software nowadays?

a) To bring computer more & more closer to user

b) To solve complex problems
c) To be task specific
d) To be versatile

Answer: a

Explanation: Software should be more interactive to the user, so

that it can understand its problem in a
better way.

21 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Question Answers

3. What’s the main point of difference between human &

machine intelligence?

a) Human perceive everything as a pattern while

machine perceive it merely as data
b) Human have emotions
c) Human have more IQ & intellect
d) Human have sense organs

Answer: a

Explanation: Humans have emotions & thus form different

patterns on that basis, while a machine (say computer) is
dumb & everything is just a data for him.

22 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Question Answer Session

23 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing

24 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025