Why Alignment?

• Component Wear or Damage

• Springs
• Ball Joints
• Bushings
• Control Arms
• Struts
• Frame Bending
All Wheels must steer • Steering Linkages
correctly in all directions
• Somebody set it wrong
 Suspension Types

Designed to travel with

the wheel assembly
Short Arm – Long Arm during Jounce and
Rebound.
Control Arms control
the path of travel.

MacPherson Strut
Short Arm / Long Arm
Because of the difference in
their sizes, the control arms
move in different arcs during
movement.
The smaller, upper control arm
moves in a tighter arc and
tends to move the top of the tire
only.
The larger, lower arm moves
the bottom of the tire very little.
This way, tire scrubbing is
minimized while allowing the
chassis to move up and down
by a larger amount.
MacPherson Strut

• Spreads Suspension Loads to Body

• More Comfortable Ride
• Safer Handling
• Good Anti-Roll Characteristics
• More Room
• Light Weight
 MacPherson Strut

The MacPherson strut incorporates the spring, shock absorber,

upper control arm, and upper bearing plate all in one unit.
The upper bearing plate functions the same as the upper ball joint in
the conventional SLA Suspension system.
 Steering Linkages

Parallelogram

Idler Arm Pitman Arm

Center Link

Tie Rod Tie Rod

 Steering Linkages
Parallelogram
Idler Arm
Center Link Pitman Arm

Tie Rod
Tie Rod

• Tie Rods parallel to and same length as Control Arms

• Center Link must travel Horizontally
• Bent or loose parts in linkage can cause Bump Steer
• Bump Steer – Unequal Toe Changes during Jounce and Rebound
• Primarily used on SLA Suspensions
 Steering Linkages

Rack and Pinion

Must be mounted securely and parallel to the Frame to

prevent Bump Steer.
Primarily used with MacPherson Strut Suspension
Knuckle

Knuckle
Spindle
Steering Arm
Pre-Alignment Inspection

Conduct a thorough inspection of the vehicle prior to performing an

alignment.
Listen and analyze the driver's comments and symptoms.
Drive the vehicle if possible.
Check for vibrations, pulling and other symptoms that might cause
driver complaints.
If pulling is detected, check to see if the vehicle pulls while braking.
 Pre-Alignment Inspection

Dry Park Check

• Steering Linkage Parts
• Anti-Sway Bar System
• Ride Height
• Control Arm Bushings
• Wear Indicator Ball Joints
• Tire Size and Pressure
 Pre-Alignment Inspection

Raised Position
• Load Carrying Ball Joints (usually upper)
• Wheel Bearings
• Check to insure tires rotate freely
Tire Wear Pattern Inspection

Both
Even Tread Center Tread Shoulder
Wear Wear Tread Wear

Normal Over Inflation Under Inflation

Feathered or Single
Sawtooth Shoulder
Tread Wear Tread Wear

Toe Camber or Toe

Ride Height
Used to establish the correct
suspension height at which all other
angles are measured.
An incorrect ride height usually
indicates that the springs have
weakened.
Must be checked and Corrected prior to
adjusting Caster, Camber and Toe.

If Incorrect …

Handling and Tire Wear Problems

Reduced amount of Adjustment Movement
Camber

A tire may be in any of three

positions: the tire may lean towards
the car, it may lean away from the
car, or it can be straight up
vertically.

Lean IN = Negative
Lean OUT = Positive
 Camber
Negative Zero Positive

Inside Tire Wear Outside Tire Wear

A proper camber setting is necessary for several reasons:

1. It maximizes the amount of tread in constant contact with the road surface.
2. It helps to establish the proper load point on the suspension.
3. If incorrect, it can cause a pull or lead in the car.
4. It is used, with another angle, to diagnose bent suspension components.
 Camber

If you lean a tire slightly, and

then roll it, the tire tries to roll
away in the direction that the tire
is leaning.
A vehicle will have a tendency to
pull or drift to the side with the
most positive camber.
Camber readings should not vary
more than 1/2 degree difference
from side to side, unless specified
28” 27” by the manufacturer.
 Camber Specs
MINIMUM PREFERRED MAXIMUM
o o o
+1/2 +1 +1 1/2

Which readings are within specifications?

LEFT TIRE RIGHT TIRE

o o
+1/2 +3/4
o o
+3/4 +1 1/2
o o
+1 +1 1/2
o o
+1/2 +1 1/4
All of the readings are within Specifications - Meters Green.
The Second and Fourth readings exceed Cross Camber limits.
Typical Single Point Adjustments
Typical Single Point Adjustments
Typical Single Point Adjustments
Typical Single Point Adjustments
Typical Dual Point Camber Adjustments
Asymmetric Control Arms
Caster Adjustment

Camber Adjustment

In some cases, the control arm is asymmetric by design.

Notice that one leg of the arm is in a more direct line with the ball joint
than the other one.
Caster
•Directional Control angle
•Provides steering stability.
•Caster provides this function by tilting the
vehicle's steering pivots (axis) to the front or
rear.
•This axis is an imaginary line drawn
through the upper and lower steering pivot
points when the vehicle is viewed from the
side.
•If the top of this line is tilted toward the rear
of the vehicle, the caster is POSITIVE.
•A forward tilt of the line is NEGATIVE.
 Caster

Positive Caster Negative Caster

•Increased Directional Stability •Decreased Directional Stability

•Steering Return – Spindle Load •No Steering Return
•Increased Steering Effort •Decreased Steering Effort
 Caster

A vehicle will pull towards the side

with the least amount of Caster.
To avoid a vehicle pull condition
Cross Caster should be no more
Negative Caster than 1 degree.
Caster is generally not a tire
wearing angle.
Negative Caster can be added to the
left wheel, or positive added to the
right wheel to offset road crown.
Positive Caster
Caster Adjustment Methods
Caster Adjustment Methods
Caster Adjustment Methods
 Toe

When a vehicle is driven, normal

dynamic driving forces try to steer the
wheels away from straight ahead.
The direction they steer depends on the
scrub radius and suspension design.
Toe in or toe out, away from straight
ahead, is used to compensate for
dynamic forces and normal tolerances
in steering and suspension parts.
Rolling Toe should be near Zero
 Toe
Total
Toe
The difference in the distance
measured between the leading edges
and trailing edges of the wheel and
tire assembly, at spindle height.

• Total Toe
• Individual Toe
• Front Toe
• Rear Toe Total
Toe
 Toe

Toe In = Toe Out =

Positive Negative
Toe Toe

If you adjust toe incorrectly, the tires will no longer be going straight down the road.
If they are not going straight, they are being “scrubbed” or scraped against the road surface
causing the tires to wear out.
For an error of 3mm incorrect toe, the effect is the same as dragging the tire sideways 5
Meters for every Kilometer driven.
Typical Toe Adjustments

SALA
Typical Toe Adjustments

Rack & Pinion

 Thrust Angle

The rear wheels determine the direction the vehicle will roll.
The roll direction can cause the vehicle to track in a direction that is not
parallel to the vehicle’s centerline.
The vehicle’s roll direction is the vehicle’s THRUST LINE.
 Thrust Angle

Geometric
Centerline

Thrustline

Positive Thrust Line Negative Thrust Line

Averaging the values of the individual rear toe and drawing a line perpendicular to the
center of the rear tires establishes the THRUST LINE.
The Thrust Line compared to the vehicle GEOMETRIC CENTERLINE is the THRUST
ANGLE.
 Thrust Angle

Geometric
Centerline
• Two Wheel Alignment

Thrustline
• Four Wheel Alignment
• Thrust Angle Alignment
 Thrust Line

The Thrust Line is the actual direction

that the vehicle will travel when driven
straight down the road.
If the Thrust Line is not identical to the
Geometric Centerline, the driver must
initially steer the vehicle to drive in a
straight line.
This results in a cocked steering wheel
in the direction of the Thrust Line.

Dog Tracking
 Steering Axis Inclination

Strut SLA

The tilt inward of a line drawn between the wheel’s pivot

points as viewed from the front of the vehicle, compared to
true vertical.
 Spindle Arc
Included Angle Like Caster, SAI helps provide
SAI dynamic stability and steering
wheel return.
When you release the steering
wheel in a turn, the vehicle tries
to return to straight ahead.
When turning the steering wheel,
one side of the vehicle rises and
the other side drops.
This happens because of the SAI
and Caster effect on spindle arc.
 Included Angle
Included Angle

SAI
When SAI is measured and
added to the Camber angle it
becomes a very important
diagnostic tool called the
Included Angle.

SAI +/- Camber = Included Angle

 Scrub Radius
When compared at ground
level, the distance between the
SAI line and the tire centerline
is called SCRUB RADIUS.
Vehicle engineers use Scrub
Radius to design "Driver FEEL"
into the vehicle.
By altering the SAI angle, which
changes the Scrub Radius, the
vehicle handling can be
designed to better suit driver
needs.
 Scrub Radius

Scrub Radius changes with rim width & offset

Wider wheels and lower aspect ratio tires can increase scrub radius and therefore
alter the perceived steering feel.
These changes can alter the handling characteristics of the vehicle, causing
wandering or weaving as various road conditions are encountered.
FWD Engine Cradle

Many front wheel drive vehicles are

designed where the engine cradle
also serves as the attachment
point for the lower pivots of the
suspension system.
The assembly must be properly
aligned with the sub-frame to
assure that front alignment is
maintained.
FWD Engine Cradle
Upper
Inner The alignment of the cradle to sub-
Pivots frame is critical and must be
checked and corrected prior to
wheel alignment.
If the cradle is misaligned side-to
side, Camber and SAI are affected.
If the cradle is shifted forward or
Lower rearward, Caster will be misaligned.
Inner
Pivots
 Toe Out On Turns
As the vehicle goes through a turn, the
tires on one side of the vehicle must go
through a different size circle than the
tires on the other side.
The front tires must turn on different
angles to each other.
18o turn 20o turn The tire that is on the inside of the turn
will be steered a greater angle than the
tire on the outside of the turn.
This results in the tires being toed out in
relation to each other.
The amount of toe out effect is
determined by the angle of the steering
arms.
 Toe Out On Turns
To correct turning radius, the bent
18o turn 20o turn steering arm must be replaced.
This angle, like SAI and included angle,
is primarily a diagnostic angle.
Check this angle when the customer
complains of a tire squeal in a turn, or
when tire feathering is evident and the
toe setting is correct.
Before measuring toe out on turns, it is
important to have both turning gauges
set to zero before you begin, and the
toe-in setting should be correct.
Setback

Setback occurs when one wheel on

an axle is set slightly behind the
other wheel on the axle.
Some vehicles have some front
setback due to manufacturing
tolerances and the caster settings.
If the left wheel is set farther back
than the right, setback is negative.
If the right wheel is set farther back
than the left, setback is positive.
Setback

Measure setback with the wheel

clamps vertical to assure that the toe
reading is accurate and that an
improperly located alignment
measuring head isn't causing the
abnormal setback reading.
Follow the alignment machine
operating instructions very carefully
when measuring setback.
Diagnostics

Knuckle
 Diagnostics
SAI

SLA Suspension
 Diagnostics
SAI

MacPherson Strut
 Diagnostics

Rule # 1 Camber Adjustment

A change in SAI = Bent Control Arm
Shifted Strut
Mounting
 Diagnostics

Rule # 2 Camber Adjustment

A change in Included Angle = Bent Spindle or Knuckle
Bent Strut
 Diagnostics

Rule # 3

A change in T.O.O.T = Bent Steering Arm

 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Mercury YEAR: 1999 MODEL: Sable SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Top

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3.8 3.8 3.9 4

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
-0.5 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6 -1.4 -1.9 -0.5 1.6

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
-0.1 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 -0.1 -0.15 -0.25 -0.5 -0.15 -0.65

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
15 15 15.9 14.9

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
14.5 14.5 14.5 13 -0.17

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2 2 2.1 1.9
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
28 28 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.7 27.6 27.5
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Nissan YEAR: 2003 MODEL: Xtera SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Knuckle

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3 3 2.1 4.2

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
-0.6 -0.6 -0.1 -0.1 -0.7 -2.1 0 0

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 -0.3 0.5 0.2 0.05 -0.35 -0.3

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
13 13 13.1 13.1

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
12.4 12.4 12.4 11 0.20

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 -0.4 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
9.5 9.5 10 10 9.3 9.1 9.8 9.9
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Chevrolet YEAR: 1982 MODEL: Corvette SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.8 0.8 0 0 1.7 1.4 0.1 0.1

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.25 0.25 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.22 0.05 0.27 0 0.05 0.05

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
7.8 7.8 6.9 7.1

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5 -0.02

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2.2 2.2 2 2.1
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
1.75 1.75 9.5 9.5 1.69 1.66 9.2 9.35
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Dodge YEAR: 2004 MODEL: Magnum SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Knuckle

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
2.5 2.5 2.3 2.6

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 -2.5 3 0.1 -0.1

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
13.7 13.7 16.7 10.7

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
13.7 13.7 14.2 13.7 0

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right

Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 -0.2 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
27.4 27.4 28.3 28.3 27.9 28 28 28.2
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Ford YEAR: 1984 MODEL: Crown Victoria SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.6 0 0.1

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.15 -0.2 0.3 0.1

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
11 11 12.1 11

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
11.5 11.5 12.6 11.6 -0.25

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.1 25.9 26.4 26.3
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Chevrolet YEAR: 2002 MODEL: Impala SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Knuckle

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3.5 3.5 3.2 3.2

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.2 -1.2 0.1 0.2

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 -0.22 -0.23 -0.45 0.1 0.1 0.2

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
14 14 14 15.3

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
14.5 14.5 15.2 14.1 0

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
27.5 27.5 16 16 26.8 26.4 15.9 15.9
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Chevrolet YEAR: 1998 MODEL: Impala SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.5 0.5 0 0 1.2 0.3 0 0

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.15 0.15 0.3 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.05 0 0.05

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
8.5 8.5 9.5 8.5

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
9 9 10.7 8.8 0.02

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
22.3 22.3 16.5 16.5 22.1 22 16.3 16.3
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Buick YEAR: 2003 MODEL: Century SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Knuckle

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
5 5 2.9 2.8

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
-0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0 -0.3 -0.4

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.1 -0.5 0.3 -0.2

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
13.5 13.5 13.6 13.2

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
13.3 13.3 13.2 13.2 -0.4

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2 2 2 3.6
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
1.5 1.5 3.4 3.4 1.6 1.6 3.3 3.3
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Cadilac YEAR: 2002 MODEL: Seville SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Top

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
4.2 4.2 3.4 4.2

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.3 0.3 -0.3 -0.3 1.3 -1.1 -0.3 2.4

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.78 0.83 0.05 0.65 0.7

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
13.5 13.5 12.6 14

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
13.8 13.8 13.9 12.9 -0.3
.
Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns
Left Right Left Right
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 -0.1 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
9.3 9.3 9.6 9.6 9.1 9.1 9.4 10.2
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Jaguar YEAR: 1988 MODEL: XJ6 SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
-0.5 -0.5 -0.8 -0.8 0.1 0.5 -0.7 -0.2

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.05 0.05 0.1 0 0 0 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.1 0 0.1

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
6.8 6.8 6.2 6.8

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
6.3 6.3 6.3 7.3 0.05

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
1.8 1.8 2 2
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
3.2 3.2 24.5 24.5 3.2 3.1 24.1 24.2
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Ford YEAR: 2001 MODEL: Taurus SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Top

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3.8 3.8 3.5 3.9

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
-0.5 -0.5 -1 -1 1.1 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
-0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2 0.3 0.1 -0.2 0.1 -0.1

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
13 13 13 13.1

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
12.5 12.5 14.1 12.5 -0.05

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 -0.2 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
28.1 28.1 27.4 27.4 27.6 27.4 27.2 27.2
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Chrysler YEAR: 1986 MODEL: Fifth Avenue SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
2.5 2.5 2.1 3.3

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.5 0.5 0 0 0.4 0.7 0 0

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.15 0.15 0.3 0 0 0 0.2 0.15 0.35 0 0 0

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
8 8 8.1 7.8

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 0

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2 2 2 0.4
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
9.5 9.5 8.75 8.75 9.3 9.1 8.5 8.6
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Mercedes YEAR: 1990 MODEL: 350 SDL SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
9.8 9.8 10.2 10.1

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 -0.9 0.9 0.05 0.05

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.35 0.35 0.7 0 0 0 0.38 0.34 0.72 0 0.05 0.05

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
8.2 8.2 9.1 7.3

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 -0.02

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2.7 2.7 2.5 2.5
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
3.15 3.15 7.8 7.8 3 3.1 7.6 7.5
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Mazda YEAR: 2004 MODEL: Millenia SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Top

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3 3 2.8 3

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
-0.7 -0.7 -0.4 -0.4 -0.7 -2.7 -0.3 -0.3

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
15.4 15.4 15.3 15.1

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
14.7 14.7 14.6 12.4 -0.05

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2 2 2.2 2.1
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
21.8 21.8 22.4 22.4 21.6 21.6 22.1 21.9
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Toyota YEAR: 1992 MODEL: 4Runner SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
1.8 1.8 2.3 2.4

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.7 0.7 0 0 0.9 0.7 0 0

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.1 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0.35 0.35 0.7 0 0 0

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
12.6 12.6 11.3 12.5

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
13.3 13.3 12.2 13.2 0

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
1.1 1.1 1 1.1
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.6 22.6 18.4 18.4
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Hyundai YEAR: 2003 MODEL: Sonata SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Knuckle

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
-0.5 -0.5 -1.5 -1.5 0.7 0.6 -1.3 -1.6

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0 0 0 0.15 0.15 0.3 0 0 0 0.3 -0.4 -0.1

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
12 12 12.8 10.8

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
11.5 11.5 13.5 11.4 0.35

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
1.9 1.9 2 1.8
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
21.5 21.5 22.3 22.3 21.5 21.4 18.2 18
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Nissan YEAR: 2002 MODEL: Maxima SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Knuckle

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
3 3 4.8 4.7

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.5 0.5 0 0 1.7 0.6 0 -0.1

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.15 -0.1 0.05 0.2 0.15 0.35

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
12 12 10.9 12

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
12.5 12.5 12.6 12.6 0.02

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
3.5 3.5 3.3 3.4
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
6.8 6.8 7 7 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.8
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Nissan YEAR: 1996 MODEL: Pickup 2WD SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
1.3 1.3 1.1 1

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.7 0.7 -0.9 -0.9 0 0.8 -0.7 -0.8

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.15 0.15 0.3 0 0 0 0.2 0.15 0.35 0.3 -0.3 0

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
8.1 8.1 8 8.1

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
8.8 8.8 8 8.9 0.3

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2 2 2.3 2.2
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.2 8.2 11 11
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Chevrolet YEAR: 1998 MODEL: Cavalier SUSPENSION TYPE: MacPherson Strut - Knuckle

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.3 -0.8 0.2

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.15 0.15 0.3 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.05 0 0.05

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right Thrust Angle
8.5 8.5 9.5 8.5
0.02
Included angle Included angle
Left Right Left Right
9 9 10.7 8.8

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
1 1 1.1 0.9
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0.03

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
22.3 22.3 16.5 16.5 22.1 22 16.3 16.3
 ALIGNMENT READINGS WORK SHEET

VEHICLE: Lexus YEAR: 1994 MODEL: SC400 SUSPENSION TYPE: SLA

DESIRED SPECIFICATIONS ACTUAL READINGS

FRONT REAR FRONT REAR

Caster Caster
Left Right Left Right
2.9 2.9 3 3

Camber Camber
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 -0.9 -0.9 0 1.4 -1 -1

Toe Toe
Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total Left Right Total
0.05 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 -0.9 -0.1 0.25 0.25 0.5

SAI SAI
Left Right Left Right
9 9 8.9 8.9

Included angle Included angle Thrust Angle

Left Right Left Right
9 9 8.9 10.3 0

Toe out on Turns Toe out on Turns

Left Right Left Right
2.3 2.3 2.1 2
Setback Setback
Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ride Height Ride Height

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right
7.75 7.75 14.5 14.5 7.5 7.5 14.1 13.9