JAVA

PROGRAMMING, 9E

CHAPTER 2

Using Data
 OBJECTIVES
• Upon completion of this chapter you will be
able to:
• Declare and use constants and
variables
• Use integer data types
• Use the boolean data type
• Use floating-point data types
• Use the char data type
• Use the Scanner class to accept
keyboard input
• Use the JOptionPane class to accept
GUI input
• Perform arithmetic
• Understand type conversion

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 DECLARING AND USING
CONSTANTS AND
VARIABLES (1 OF 4)
• Constant
• Cannot be changed while program
is running
• Literal constant
• Value taken literally at each use
• Numeric constant
• As opposed to a literal constant
• Unnamed constant
• No identifier is associated with it

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 DECLARING AND USING
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES (2 OF
4)
• Variable
• A named memory location
• Used to store a value
• Can hold only one value at a time
• Its value can change
• Data type
• A type of data that can be stored
• How much memory an item occupies
• What types of operations can be performed on data

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 DECLARING AND USING
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES (3 OF
4)
• Primitive type
• A simple data type
• Reference types
• More complex data types

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 Table 2-1: Java primitive
data types
Keyword Description
byte Byte-length integer
short Short integer
int Integer
long Long integer
float Single-precision floating point
double Double-precision floating point
char A single character
boolean A Boolean value (true or false

DECLARING AND USING CONSTANTS

AND VARIABLES (4 OF 4)
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 DECLARING VARIABLES (1 OF
3)
Name variables

• Use naming rules for legal class identifiers

Variable declaration

• A statement that reserves a named memory location

• Includes:
• Data type
• Identifier
• Optional assignment operator and assigned value
• Ending semicolon

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 DECLARING VARIABLES (2 OF
3)
Assignment • The equal sign (=)
• The value to the right is assigned to the variable on the left
operator

Initialization • An assignment made when declaring a variable

Assignment • An assignment made after a variable is declared

Associativity • The order in which operands are used with operators

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 DECLARING VARIABLES (3 OF
3)
• Declare multiple variables of the same type in
separate statements on different lines
int myAge = 25;
int yourAge = 19;
• When declaring variables of different types, you must
use a separate statement for each type

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 • A named constant:
• Should not change during program
DECLARING execution
NAMED • Has a data type, name, and value
• Has a data type preceded by the
CONSTANTS keyword final
(1 OF 2) • Can be assigned a value only once
• Conventionally is given identifiers using
all uppercase letters

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 • Reasons for using named constants:
• Make programs easier to read and
DECLARING understand
NAMED • Enable you to change a value at one
location within a program
CONSTANTS • Reduce typographical errors
(2 OF 2) • Stand out as separate from variables
• Eliminates magic numbers

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 • Scope
THE SCOPE • The area in which a data item is visible
OF to a program, and in which you can refer
to it using its simple identifier
VARIABLES • A variable or constant is in scope from the
AND point it is declared
CONSTANTS • Until the end of the block of code
where the declaration lies

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 • print() or println() statement
• Use alone or in combination with a
String
CONCATENATING • Concatenated
STRINGS TO • A numeric variable is concatenated to a
VARIABLES AND String using the plus sign
CONSTANTS (1 OF • The entire expression becomes a String
3)
• The println() method can accept a
number or String

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 • Use a dialog box to display values
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog()
CONCATENATING • Does not accept a single numeric
STRINGS TO VARIABLES variable
AND CONSTANTS (2 OF
• Null String
3)
• An empty string: ""

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 CONCATENATING STRINGS TO
VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS (3 OF 3)

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 PITFALL:
FORGETTIN • Each constant can hold only one value for
G THAT A the duration of the program
VARIABLE • Switch values of two variables
• Use a third variable
HOLDS ONE
VALUE AT A
TIME

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 • int data type
LEARNING • Stores an integer, or whole number
• Value from –2,147,483,648 to
ABOUT +2,147,483,647

INTEGER • Variations of the integer type

• byte
DATA TYPES • short

(1 OF 2) • long
• Choose appropriate types for variables

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Table 2-
2: Limits
on
integer
values
by type
Type Minimum Value Maximum Value Size
in
Bytes
byte –128 127 1
short –32,768 32,767 2
int –2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 4
long – 9,223,372,036,854,775, 8
9,223,372,036,854,775,8 807
08
LEARNING ABOUT INTEGER
DATA TYPES (2 OF 2)
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 Boolean logic Based on true-or-false comparisons

Can hold only one of two values

boolean variable true or false
• boolean isItPayday = false;

Relational
operator Compares two items
(comparison
operator)

USING THE BOOLEAN DATA

TYPE (1 OF 2)
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 Table 2-3:
Relational
operators
Operator Description True False
Example Example
< Less than 3<8 8<3
> Greater than 4>2 2>4
== Equal to 7 == 7 3 == 9
<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 5 8 <= 6
>= Greater than or equal 7 >= 3 1 >= 2
to
!= Not equal to 5 != 6 3 != 3

USING THE BOOLEAN DATA

TYPE (2 OF 2)
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 Floating-point number

LEARNING • Contains decimal positions

ABOUT Floating-point data

types
FLOATING- • float
POINT • double
DATA
Significant digits
TYPES (1
• Refers to mathematical
OF 2) accuracy

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classroom use.
 Table 2-4:
Limits on
floating-
point
values
Type Minimum Maximu Size in
m Bytes
float –3.4 * 1038 3.4 * 1038 4
double –1.7 * 10308 1.7 * 10308 8

LEARNING ABOUT FLOATING-

POINT DATA TYPES (2 OF 2)
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 char data
Holds any single character
type

USING THE Place

constant

CHAR DATA
character
values
char myMiddleInitial = 'M';
within

TYPE (1 OF
single
quotation
marks

3)
A built-in class
Stores and manipulates character strings
String
String constants are written between
double quotation marks

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classroom use.
 USING THE CHAR DATA
TYPE (2 OF 3)

Begins with a backslash followed by a

character
Escape sequence Represents a single nonprinting character
• char aNewLine = '\n';

To produce console output on

multiple lines in the command Use the newline escape sequence
window, use one of these Use the println() method multiple times
options:

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 Table 2-6: Common
escape sequences
Escape Sequence Description
\b Backspace; moves the cursor one space to the left
\t Tab; moves the cursor to the next tab stop
\n Newline or linefeed; moves the cursor to the
beginning of the next line
\r Carriage return; moves the cursor to the beginning
of the current line
\" Double quotation mark; displays a double quotation
mark
\’ Single quotation mark; displays a single quotation
mark
\\ Backslash; displays a backslash character

USING THE CHAR DATA TYPE (3 OF

3)
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 USING THE SCANNER
CLASS TO ACCEPT
KEYBOARD INPUT (1 OF 3)
• System.in object
• Standard input device
• Normally the keyboard
• Access using the Scanner
class
• Scanner object
• Breaks input into units called
tokens

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 Table 2-7: Selected
Scanner class
methods
Method Description
nextDouble() Retrieves input as a double
USING THE nextInt() Retrieves input as an int

SCANNER nextLine() Retrieves the next line of data and

returns it as a String
CLASS TO next() Retrieves the next complete token as
a String
ACCEPT nextShort() Retrieves input as a short

KEYBOARD nextByte() Retrieves input as a byte

INPUT (2 OF
nextFloat() Retrieves input as a float. Note that
when you enter an input value that
will be stored as a float, you do not
3) type an F. The F is used only with
constants coded within a program.
nextLong() Retrieves input as a long. Note that
when you enter an input value that
will be stored as a long, you do not
type an L. The L is used only with
constants coded within a program.

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 USING THE SCANNER CLASS TO
ACCEPT KEYBOARD INPUT (3 OF
3)

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website for classroom use.
 PITFALL: USING NEXTLINE()
FOLLOWING ONE OF THE
OTHER SCANNER INPUT
METHODS
• There is a problem when using one
numeric Scanner class retrieval
method or next()method before using
the nextLine()method
• Keyboard buffer
• Location in memory that stores all
keystrokes, including Enter
• To avoid issues, add an extra
nextLine()method call to retrieve the
abandoned Enter key character after
numeric or next() inputs

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 USING THE JOPTIONPANE
CLASS TO ACCEPT GUI INPUT
• Dialog boxes used to accept user input:
• Input dialog box
• Confirm dialog box

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 USING INPUT DIALOG
BOXES (1 OF 5)
• Input dialog box
• Asks a question
• Provides a text field in which the user can enter a
response
• showInputDialog() method
• Six overloaded versions
• Returns a String representing a user’s response
• Prompt
• A message requesting user input

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 USING INPUT
DIALOG BOXES
(2 OF 5)

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 USING INPUT
DIALOG BOXES
(3 OF 5)

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 USING INPUT DIALOG
BOXES (4 OF 5)
• showInputDialog()
• One version requires four arguments:
• Parent component
• Message
• Title
• Type of dialog box
• Convert String to int or double
• Use methods from the built-in Java classes Integer and
Double

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 USING INPUT DIALOG
BOXES (5 OF 5)
• Type-wrapper classes
• Each primitive type has a corresponding class contained
in the java.lang package
• Include methods to process primitive type values
Integer.parseInt()
Double.parseDouble()

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 • Confirm dialog box
USING • Displays the options Yes, No, and Cancel
• showConfirmDialog() method in
CONFIRM JOptionPane class

DIALOG
• Four overloaded versions are available
• Returns integer containing either:

BOXES JOptionPane.YES_OPTION
JOptionPane.NO_OPTION
(1 OF 3) JOptionPane.CANCEL_OPTION

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 USING • You can create a confirm dialog box with five
arguments:

CONFIRM • Parent component

• Prompt message
DIALOG • Title
• Integer that indicates which option
BOXES button to show
• Integer that describes the kind of dialog
(2 OF 3) box

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 USING CONFIRM
DIALOG BOXES
(3 OF 3)

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PERFORMING ARITHMETIC USING VARIABLES
AND CONSTANTS (1 OF 2)

• Standard arithmetic operators

• Perform calculations with values in programs
• Operand
• A value used on either side of an operator
• Integer division
• Involves integer constants or integer variables
• The result is an integer
• Any fractional part of the result is lost

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 PERFORMING ARITHMETIC USING
VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS (2 OF
2)

Table 2-8:
Arithmetic
operators
Operator Description Example
+ Addition 45 + 2, the result is 47
– Subtraction 45 – 2, the result is 43
* Multiplication 45 * 2, the result is 90
/ Division 45.0 / 2, the result is 22.5
45 / 2, the result is 22 (not 22.5)
% Remainder 45 % 2, the result is 1 (that is,
(modulus) 45/2 = 22 with a remainder of
1)

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 • Operator precedence
• The rules for the order in which parts of
ASSOCIATIVITY mathematical expressions are evaluated
AND • First multiplication, division, and
PRECEDENCE remainder (modulus), then addition or
subtraction

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 WRITING ARITHMETIC
STATEMENTS EFFICIENTLY
• Avoid unnecessary repetition of arithmetic statements
• Example of inefficient calculation:
stateWithholding = hours * rate * STATE_RATE;
federalWithholding = hours * rate * FED_RATE;
• Example of efficient calculation:
grossPay = hours * rate;
stateWithholding = grossPay * STATE_RATE;
federalWithholding = grossPay * FED_RATE;

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 PITFALL: NOT UNDERSTANDING
IMPRECISION IN FLOATING-POINT
NUMBERS

• Integer values are exact

• But floating-point numbers
frequently are only
approximations
• Imprecision leads to several
problems
• Floating-point output might
not look like what you expect
or want
• Comparisons with floating-
point numbers might not be
what you expect or want

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 UNDERSTANDING TYPE
CONVERSION
Arithmetic with • The result of arithmetic retains the same
variables or constants type
of the same type

Arithmetic operations • Java chooses the unifying type for the

with operands of result
unlike types
• The type to which all operands in an
Unifying type expression are converted for
compatibility

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 • Automatically converts nonconforming
operands to the unifying type
• Order for establishing unifying types
AUTOMATIC between two variables (highest to lowest):
TYPE 1. double
2. float
CONVERSION 3. long
4. int

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 • Type casting
• Forces a value of one data type to be
used as a value of another data type
• Cast operator
EXPLICIT TYPE
• Place desired result type in parentheses
CONVERSIONS
• Using a cast operator is an explicit
conversion
• You do not need to perform a cast when
assigning a value to a higher unifying type

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 DON’T DO IT (1 OF 2)
• Don’t mispronounce integer
• Don’t attempt to assign a literal constant floating-point
number
• Don’t forget precedence rules
• Don’t forget that integer division results in an integer
• Don’t attempt to assign a constant decimal value to an
integer using a leading 0
• Don’t use a single equal sign (=) in a Boolean comparison
for equality
• Don’t try to store a string of characters in a char variable

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 DON’T DO IT (2 OF 2)
• Don’t forget that when a String and a numeric value are
concatenated, the resulting expression is a string
• Don’t forget to consume the Enter key after numeric input
using the Scanner class when a nextLine()method call follows
• Don’t forget to use the appropriate import statement when
using the Scanner or JOptionPane class
• Don’t forget precedence rules
• Don’t forget that integer division results in an integer
• Don’t forget that floating—point numbers are imprecise
• Don’t use a single equal sign in a Boolean for comparison for
equality

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 SUMMARY (1 OF
2)
• Variables
• Named memory locations
• Primitive data types
• Standard arithmetic operators
for integers:
+, _, *, /, and %
• Boolean type
– true or false value
• Relational operators:
>, <, ==, >=, <=, and !=

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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-
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 SUMMARY (2 OF 2)
• Floating-point data types
• float
• double
• char data type
• Scanner class
• Access keyboard input
• JOptionPane
• Confirm dialog box
• Input dialog box

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distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.