The document explains the formation and properties of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals, involving the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. It also outlines the characteristics of ionic compounds, such as high melting points, brittleness, and electrical conductivity in solution, contrasting them with covalent compounds like sugar.
The document explains the formation and properties of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals, involving the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. It also outlines the characteristics of ionic compounds, such as high melting points, brittleness, and electrical conductivity in solution, contrasting them with covalent compounds like sugar.
The document explains the formation and properties of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals, involving the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. It also outlines the characteristics of ionic compounds, such as high melting points, brittleness, and electrical conductivity in solution, contrasting them with covalent compounds like sugar.
The document explains the formation and properties of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals, involving the transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between nonmetals. It also outlines the characteristics of ionic compounds, such as high melting points, brittleness, and electrical conductivity in solution, contrasting them with covalent compounds like sugar.
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Compounds formed based on the
type of elements combined
Ionic Bonds
Some atoms need to lose electrons, whereas others need to gain
electrons in order to be stable. If the atoms are compatible, they will engage in an ionic bond to accomplish these goals. Ionic bonds take place when one atom ‘steals’ the electron(s) of another atom, resulting in stability for both atoms. Ionic Bonds
Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a
nonmetal. The chemical combination between the two types of elements results in the formation of ionic bonds between the atoms. Ionic bonds are the electrostatic force of attraction that holds cations (positively charged atom) and anions (negatively charged atoms) together. Ionic Bond Example
Sodium has one valence electron and chlorine
has seven. Sodium can become stable by losing its single valence electron and dropping
N Cl down to the previous (and complete) energy shell, whereas chlorine can become stable by gaining one more electron and filling its outermost shell. These atoms can form an ionic bond in which chlorine ‘steals’ sodium’s single valence electron, creating stability for both atoms. Covalent Bonds
Some atoms may have a number of electrons such that gaining
or losing enough to fulfill their octets is challenging. These atoms may engage in covalent bonds instead of ionic bonds. Covalent bonds take place when, rather than taking or giving electrons, atoms share their electrons in order to fill their energy shells. Covalent Bonds
Covalent molecular compounds or simply covalent compounds
are substances that are formed from the chemical combination of two or more nonmetallic elements. It could be between a nonmetal and another nonmetal, or a metalloid and a nonmetal. Table sugar or sucrose (C12H22O11) is an example of a covalent molecular compound. It is a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Covalent Bonds In a covalent compound, atoms of the different elements are held together in molecules by covalent bonds. Unlike ionic bonds, in which electrons completely transfer from one atom to another, covalent bonds share their valence electrons. The force of attraction between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei of both atoms holds the atoms together in the molecule. A molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that still has the properties of the compound. Covalent Bond Example Chlorine has seven valence electrons and therefore needs one more in order
ClCl to fill its octet. In the absence of any other element, chlorine atoms can bond with other chlorine atoms. Both atoms will share one electron, thereby completing their electron shells. PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND COVALENT MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
Sugar is a covalent molecular compound made up of
sucrose (C12H22O11) molecules, while table salt is made up of sodium chloride (NaCl) ions. Tasting is the best way to identify the physical property of a substance,but it is not always a safe way because there are compounds that are toxic and poisonous. PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS 1.Formations of Crystals
The ionic bond formed between the cation and anions is
very strong. The ions are arranged in a regular, geometric structure called crystal lattice. Different ionic compounds have different crystal forms. Naturally occurring ionic crystals are found in rocks and minerals; they are mixed with transition metal elements to give rise to brilliant colors 2.) They Have High Melting Points and High Boiling Points
Ionic compounds have very high melting and boiling
points. The ions in a crystal lattice are closely packed together creating a strong electrostatic force of attraction between them. The more ions there are in a crystal structure the stronger the ionic bonds. Therefore, a large amount of energy is required to overcome these bonds. 3.) They are hard and brittle
Because of the strong electrostatic attraction between
ions’ ionic compounds, therefore, they are hard and difficult to separate. But ionic compounds can be also considered as brittle For instance, when pressure or a mechanical force is being applied like striking a hammer on the crystal, it will cause charges to move closer. This result in electrostatic repulsion which will be enough to split the crystals. 4.) They conduct electricity when dissolved in water
When ionic compounds are dissolved in water to form an
aqueous solution, the cations and anions are dissociated or separated and are free to conduct electricity through the solution. These ionic substances that conduct electricity are referred as electrolytes. 5.) They are nonconductors of electricity in solid form
Solid ionic compounds do not conduct electricity,
instead, these are good insulators. This is because the ions are locked into its crystal lattice and ions cannot move out, so the solid cannot conduct electricity. Only ionic compounds in liquid (molten) form or aqueous solutions are good electrical conductors. Draw a 2 (two) example showing Ionic Bond and Covalent Bond .
