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Control
Engineering MEFC 117 I. Introduction to Control System System- A system is a combination or an arrangement of different physical components which act together as an entire unit to achieve a certain objective
Control- To control means to regulate, to direct or to
command.
Control System- A control system is an arrangement of
different physical elements connected in such a manner so as to regulate, direct or command itself or some other system. In short, a control system is an interconnection of the physical component to provide a desired function, Plant- The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated is called the plant or the process.
Controller- The element of the system itself or external to
the system which controls the plant or the process called controller.
Input- It is an applied signal or an excitation signal applied
to a control system from an external energy source in order to produce a specified output.
Output- It is the particular signal of interest or the actual
response obtained from a control system when input is applied to it. Disturbance- Disturbance is a signal which tends to adversely affect the value of the output of a system. If such disturbance is generated within the system itself, it is called an internal disturbance. The disturbance generated outside the system acting as an extra input to the system in addition to it’s normal input, affecting the output adversely is called an external disturbance. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A CONTROL SYSTEM
INPUT OUTPUT CONTROL SYSTEM Classification of Control System 1. Natural Control System These are biological systems or systems inside human beings are of natural type. Example: Perspiration system inside the human being. 2. Man-made Control System The various systems we are using in our day to day life are designed and manufactured by human beings. Such as system like vehicles, switches, various controllers etc. are man-made control system. 3. Combinational Control System Combination of natural and man-made together Example: A driver driving a vehicle 4. Time Varying and Time Invariant Systems Time variant are those in which parameters are varying with time otherwise it is said to be time invariant. 5. Linear and Non-linear systems A control system is said to be linear if it satisfies the following properties:
a. The principle of superposition is applicable to the system.
This means the response to several inputs can be obtained by considering one input at a time and algebraically adding the individual results. Example: a resistive circuit is linear system b. Practically the output varies linearly with input. A system is said to be nonlinear if: a. It does not satisfy the principle of superposition b. The output does not vary linearly
6. Continuous time and Discrete Time Control System
In a continuous time control system, all system variables are function of a continuous variable t. In discrete time systems, one or more system variables are known only at a certain discrete intervals of time. 7. Deterministic and Stochastic Control System A control system is said to be deterministic when its response to input as well as behavior to external disturbances is predictable and repeatable. If such response is unpredictable, system is said to be stochastic in nature.
RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS 1. Transient Response -gradual change of output from initial to the desired condition 2. Steady-state Response -approximation to the desired response example: Consider an elevator rising from ground to the 4th floor. Types of Feedback Control System Component or process can be represented by a block diagram. The input-output relationship represents the cause and effect of the process.
input Control system output
1. Open-Loop Control System
an open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly without using feedback. In an open-loop control system, the input to the plant does not in any way depend on the current and past values of the output of the plant.
input Controller output
Or process actuator Advantages: -Relatively simple -Low Cost -Good reliability
Disadvantages: -They rely totally in calibration, and cannot effectively deal with exogenous disturbances -They cannot effectively deal with changes in the process -Cannot stabilize an unstable system -Often in accurate since there is no correction for error
Applications: -Motor -Low pass filter -heater/boiler -cooking oven 2. Closed-Loop Control System A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output and feedback of the output signal to compare it with the desired output or reference. It is one in which the control action is somehow dependent on the output. Closed-loop control system makes the control system robust to uncertainty and disturbances. It senses the output of the system and adjusts the control input using feedback rules, which are based on how the system output deviates from the system behaves. The feedback helps compensate for the differences, if the system behaves slightly differently than the model. difference Controller Reference output Or process Input actuator (desired output)
Feedback Feedback A property of a closed-loop system which permits the output (or some other controlled variable) to be compared with the input to the system (or an input to some other internally situated component or subsystem) so that the appropriate control action may be formed as some function of the output and input.
Basic Elements of a closed-loop control system
1. Comparison Element 2. Control Element 3.Correction Element 4. Process Element 5. Measurement element
Advantage -Relatively accurate in matching the actual to the required values
Disadvanatges -More complex, more expensive, greater chance of breakdown due to number of components Applications -Missiles -Radio Receivers -Tracking antenna II. Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform Laplace Transform Converts complex differential equation into a simple algebraic equations. Laplace transform is the tool to represent the frequency domain of a time domain function. F(s)=ʆ[f(t)]
