SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J.

College of Engineering

SE Computer- Division A
Course Name :Principle of Programming Language
Course Code: 210256
Course InCharge: Kainjan M. Sanghavi

Thanks to Khyati R. Nirmal ..to prepare the slides

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 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering
Unit 4
Inheritance, Packages and Exception Handling using Java

● Packages and Interfaces: defining a package, finding packages and

CLASSPATH,
● access protection,
● importing packages,
● interfaces (defining, implementation, nesting, applying),
● variables in interfaces,
● extending interfaces,
● instance of operator.

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Department ofComputer
ComputerEngineering
Engineering
SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering

What is an interface?

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Interface in Java

● An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class.

● It has static constants and abstract methods.
● The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There
can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body.
It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
● In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract
methods and variables. It cannot have a method body.
● Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.
● It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class.

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Why Interface?

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 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering
Interface in Java

● All variables declared inside interface are implicitly public, static

and final.
● All methods declared inside interfaces are implicitly public and
abstract, even if you don't use public or abstract keyword.
● Interface can extend one or more other interface.
● Interface cannot implement a class.
● Interface can be nested inside another interface.

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New features added in interfaces

● JDK -8 - allows the interfaces to have default and

static methods.
● JDK 9 onwards has some changes, interfaces can
contain the following.
● Static methods
● Private methods
● Private Static methods

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Syntax for Java Interface

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Java Interface Example

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Java Interface Example

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Interface implementation : A. java
interface printable{

void print();

}
Output:
class A implements printable{
Hello
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}

public static void main(String args[]){

A obj = new A();

obj.print();

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 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering
Interface implementation : TestInterface1. java
//Interface declaration class TestInterface1{

interface Drawable{ public static void main(String args[]){

void draw();

} Drawable d=new Circle();

//Implementation d.draw();

class Rectangle implements Drawable{ }}

public void draw()

{System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}

}
Output:
class Circle implements Drawable{ drawing circle
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}

} Department of Computer Engineering

 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering
Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

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Interfaces supports Multiple Inheritance : Tyre.java

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Interface extends other Interface

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The relationship between classes and interfaces

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 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering

Default Methods In Java 8

● Before Java 8, interfaces could have only abstract methods.

● The implementation of these methods has to be provided in a separate

class. So, if a new method is to be added in an interface, then its

implementation code has to be provided in the class implementing the same

interface.

● To overcome this issue, Java 8 has introduced the concept of default

methods which allow the interfaces to have methods with implementation

without affecting the classes that implement the interface.

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Default Methods In Java 8 : TestClass.java

// A program to Test Interface default methods public static void main(String args[])
interface TestInterface {
{ TestClass d = new
// abstract method TestClass();
public void square(int a); d.square(4);

// default method // default method

default void show() executed
{ d.show();
System.out.println("Default Method Executed"); }
} }
}

class TestClass implements TestInterface

{ Output:
// implementation of square abstract method
public void square(int a) 16
{ Default Method Executed
System.out.println(a*a);
}

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Private methods – Java 9 : Demo.java

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 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering

Packages In Java

● Package is a collection of related classes

● We can assume package as a folder or a directory that is used to store

similar files.

● packages are used to avoid name conflicts and to control access of class,

interface and enumeration etc

● Using package it becomes easier to locate the related classes and it also

provides a good structure for projects with hundreds of classes and

other files.
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SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering

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SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering

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SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering

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 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering

● Package names are dot separated, e.g., java.lang.

● Packages Avoid namespace collision. There can not be
two classes with same name in a same Package But two
packages can have a class with same name.
● Exact Name of the class is identified by its package
structure.

<< Fully Qualified Name>>

● java.lang.String ; java.util.Arrays; java.io.BufferedReader ;
java.util.Date

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● Package statement must be first statement in the program even before the

import statement.

● A package is always defined as a separate folder having the same name as

the package name.

● Store all the classes in that package folder.

● All classes of the package which we wish to access outside the package

must be declared public.

● All classes within the package must have the package statement as its first

line.

● All classes of the package must be compiled before use

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Creating Your Own Package

● Creating a package in java is quite easy, simply include a package

command followed by name of the package as the first

statement in java source file. Creates a package

package mypack; (directory) mypack
in current directory
public class employee

String empId;

String name;

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Package Program
//save as FirstProgram.java
Creates a package
package learnjava; (directory) learnjava
in current directory
public class FirstProgram{

public static void main(String args[]) {

System.out.println("Welcome to package example");

}
}
Compilation of Package Prog : javac -d . FirstProgram.java
The -d switch specifies the destination where to put the generated class file. You
can use any directory name like d:/abc (in case of windows) etc. If you want to

keep the package within the same directory, you can use . (dot).
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Execution of Package Prog : java learnjava.FirstProgram

To run the compiled class that we compiled using above command,

we need to specify package name too

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Finding Packages and CLASSPATH

How does the Java runtime system know

where to look for packages that you create?
The answer has three parts.

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Finding Packages and CLASSPATH

First, by default, the Java run- time system uses the

current working directory as its starting point.
Thus, if your package is in a subdirectory of the
current directory, it will be found.

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Finding Packages and CLASSPATH

Second, you can specify a directory path or

paths by setting the CLASSPATH
environmental variable.

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Finding Packages and CLASSPATH

Third, you can use the -

classpath option with java and javac to
specify the path to your classes.

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PATH and CLASSPATH

● PATH is an environment variable which is

used to locate JDK binaries like "java" or
"javac" command used to run java program
and compile java source file.
● On the other hand, CLASSPATH, an
environment variable is used by System or
Application ClassLoader to locate and load
compile Java bytecodes stored in the .class
file.
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PATH and CLASSPATH

set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\Java\JDK1.6.20\bin

set CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;C:\Program Files\Java\JDK1.6.20\lib

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Packages and Member Class

● packages, Java addresses four categories of

visibility for class members:
○ Subclasses in the same package
○ Non-subclasses in the same package
○ Subclasses in different packages
○ Classes that are neither in the same package
nor subclasses

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Packages and Member Class

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Install and Run Eclipse

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When Run Eclipse it asks to Select the workspace directory

After Selecting the workspace directory Click Ok.

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If any Thing any file Seen on Eclipse Editor previously then select
Close All Perspectives…In Window Drop down menu

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Click on Window Menu and Select Option Open Perspective
Select Java and Ok

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For creating a Java package, you need to follow the below steps.

go to the File Menu, then

File > New > Package

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Now, a dialog box opens up, where you need to fill the source folder of package and
the package name

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Example , Create TestPack package in PackageTest/src

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After clicking Finish above, the package gets created successfully as shown below,

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Code for Demonstration of Package and Interface

Click Here

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Java instanceof Operator

● to check whether an object is an instance of a particular

class or not.
● It’s Syntax is:

Here, if objectName is an instance of className, the

operator returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.

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 SNJB’s Late Sau. K. B. J. College of Engineering
Java instanceof Example : Main.java

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main myObj = new Main();

System.out.println(myObj instanceof Main); //

returns //true

} Department of Computer Engineering

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Casting Objects and the instanceof Operator

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Casting Objects and the instanceof Operator

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Solution downcasting with instanceof : Child.java

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