What is Web Technology?

• Web technology is a technology that acts as an interface

between web client and web server.

• It includes markup languages, programming interfaces,

online presentation tools, Java applets, video editing tools
and so on.

• The commonly used client side scripting languages are

HTML, JavaScript, CSS, XML and so on.

• The commonly used server side technologies are ASP, JSP,

Java Servlets, PHP and so on.
 Concept of Internet
• Definition : Internet is global system in which millions of
computers are connected together. It is basically a network
of networks.

• Using internet many people can share resources and can

communicate with each other. To have internet service one
must go to the service providers.

• That means your computer must be connected to the

Internet Service Providers (ISP) through phone-line
modem or DSL.

• There are some privately owned internet service providers

from which we can hire the internet services.
 Concept of World Wide Web
• Definition : World Wide Web (WWW) is collections of
software and corresponding protocols used to access the
resources over the network.

• The world wide web is a information system in which

various documents containing information are interlinked
together.

• User can access this information or write the information

via computers.

• This information is typically stored on the web pages and

through web browsers we can access these web pages.
• The web pages may contain the information in the form of
text, audio, video, images and graphics.

• We can navigate between the web pages using hyperlinks.

• The concept of WWW was introduced by Sir Tim Berners-

Lee the contractor at the European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland in 1980.

• He built a personal database of people and software

models and used hypertext so that each new page of
information was linked to an existing page.
 Internet or WWW?
• The term internet and WWW is often used interchangeably, but
these are two different terms.

• The internet is collection of computers and other devices (such

as printers, scanners etc.) connected together whereas World
Wide Web (WWW) is collection of software and corresponding
protocols used to access the resources over the network.

• The world wide web contains huge amount of documents,

images and other resources which can be accessed using the
hyperlinks.

• Thus people use internet through the Web.

 Internet Protocol
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• The file transfer protocol sets the rules for transferring

files between computers.
• When user wants to download a file from the server FTP is
used.
• FTP uses two connections between client and server.
• One connection is used for actual data transfer and other is
used for control information (used for commands).
• This separation of data and commands makes the FTP
more efficient.
• When client makes a request for particular file download
then using the data transfer connection actual data gets
transmitted from server to the client.

• At the same time server keeps track of how much data is

sent so far and how much is remaining.
• This tracking can be done using the control transfer
connection.

• Hence during the file downloading/uploading we can see a

message about how many bytes are getting transferred and
how much time is remaining.
 HTTP
• The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a
request/response protocol. 
• It is a communication protocol used to transfer the
information on local area network and World Wide Web
(WWW). 
• It is the network protocol used to deliver virtually all files
and other data (collectively called resources) on the World
Wide Web, whether they're HTML files, image files, query
results, or anything else.
• Usually, HTTP takes place through TCP/IP sockets. 
• It is also called as a stateless protocol because this protocol
is not able to maintain the previous
conversation/information.
 SNMP
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a
protocol which enables network administrators to manage
network devices and to diagnose network problems. 
• The network management system is based on two main
elements : a supervisor and agents.
• o The supervisor is the terminal at which the network
administrator requests for network management.
• o The agents are found at the level of each interface
connecting the managed devices to the network.
• With the help of these agents information on the different
objects (such as switch, hub, routers) can be collected.
 SMTP

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a simple protocol

which is extensively used for transfer of e-mails to remote
servers. 
• It is an asynchronous protocol, because it allows delayed
delivery of message. 
• With the help of mail transfer agent and user agent the
SMTP sends and receives the emails.
 POP3

• Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is used by local email

clients (such as Microsoft Outlook Express).
• The POP3 protocol works only at the receivers end and has
no work at the sender’s end.
• The POP protocol has two parts, a client POP i.e. receiver’s
POP and a server POP i.e. reciever’s email server.
• The client i.e. the receiver opens TCP connection with
receiver’s POP server.
• This client must be authenticated first by using the user
name and password.
• Then the client can receive the emails from the mailbox.
 TCP
• The Transmission Control Protocol is used for, 1. Safe
delivery of data 2. Error detection 3. Assurance of the
correct sequencing of data being received.
• This protocol is called connection oriented protocol
because before sending the data this protocol requires that
two computers have established connections. 
• The TCP allows the transmission of arbitrary amount of
data by breaking it into stream of separate IP packets.
• These IP packets are numbered so that it could be
reassembled properly at arrivals.
• Along with the data an acknowledgement is also
sent/received in order to know whether the reliable
connection has occurred or not.
 UDP

• The user datagram protocol is a connectionless protocol

without any error detection facility. 
• This protocol is used for simply transmission of data. 
• The UDP is known as an unreliable protocol however this
is much faster than TCP.
• IP  Internet Protocol (IP) is a network layer protocol which
consists of addressing information. 
• Using this information the communication between
uniquely addressed computers is possible.
 HTTP Request and Response Message

• The basic feature of HTTP protocol is that it follows the

request response model. 
• The client makes a request for desired web page by giving
the URL in the address bar.
• This request is submitted to the web server and then web
server gives the response to the web browser by returning
the required web page.
 HTTP Request Message Structure

• The basic structure of request message is given by

following general form -
 <start line>

• The start line consists of three parts which are separated

by a single space.
• These parts are –
• i) Request method
• ii) Request-URI
• iii) HTTP version
 Request Method

• Various methods used for making the request.

• GET
• The GET method is used to retrieve information from a
specified URI and is assumed to be a safe, repeatable
operation by browsers.
 POST

• The POST method is used to request the server for desired

web page and the request made is accepted as a new
subordinate of the resource identified.
• The POST method is used for operations that have side
effects and cannot be safely repeated.
• For example, transferring money from one bank account to
another has side effects and should not be repeated
without explicit approval by the user.
 HEAD

• The HEAD method is identical to GET.

• The only difference is that the server should not return a
message-body in the response.
• The meta-information contained in the HTTP headers in
response to a HEAD request should be similar to the
information sent in response to a GET request.
 OPTION

• This method supports for the specified URL.

• It can be used to check the functionality of a web server by
requesting '*' instead of a specific resource.
• PUT-This method uploads a representation of the specified
resource.
• DELETE-This method is useful in deleting the specified
resource.
• TRACE-When request is made using TRACE method the
server echoes back the received request so that a client can
see what intermediate servers are adding or changing in
the request.
 Request-URI:

• The Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string used to

identify the names or resources on the Internet. 
• The URI is a combination of URL and URN. 
• The URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator and URN
stands for Uniform Resource Name. 
• The web address denotes the URL and specific name of the
place or a person or item denotes the URN.
• For example www.facebook.com
• If the URI is written in the form of http: then it is both an
URI and URL but there are some other URI which can also
be used as URL.
• For example
 HTTP Version

• The first HTTP version was HTTP/0.9 but the official

version of HTTP was HTTP/1.1 and  The host header filed
is associated with the http request. 
• The header fields are in the form of field name and field
value. 
• Thus typical structure of http request is given be following
example -
 HTTP Response Message Structure

• The basic structure of response message is given by

following general form
• <status line>
• It consists of three fields.

• The HTTP version denotes the HTTP version such as

HTTP/1.1. The status code is a numeric code indicating the
type of response.
• The reason phrase is in the text string form and presents
the information about the status code.
1. Explain the various Internet protocols used for client
server communication.
2. Explain TCP/IP in detail.