Dr.

Kuldeep
15-04-08
 CONTENTS
• Introduction • Requirements
• Definitions • Limitations
• Temporo-mandibular joint • Classifications
- normal anatomy • Arcon vs non-arcon
- condylar • Difference b/w - Non
movement adjustable/Semi-
• Mouth is the best adjustable/Fully adjustable
articulator • Selection of articulator
• Evolution of articulators • Different articulators
• Purpose of articulators • Conclusion n summary
• Uses of articulators
 INTRODUCTION
Aims of restorative treatment :

 To avoid damaging the TMJ, teeth and muscles, since

what is done at the tooth level can have consequences at
the level of all these structures.

 To design and manufacture long-lasting rehabilitations.

 Introduct
ion

 Articulators are mechanical instruments that represent the

maxilla, mandible and TMJs.

 Their main task is to provide a frame which orient

maxillary and mandibular cast in 3-D relative to the hinge
axis of the patient and of the instrument.
Introduct
ion
 DEFINITIONS
 ARTICULATOR-
A mechanical instrument that represents the
temporomandibular joint and jaws, to which maxillary and
mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all
mandibular movements. (GPT-8)

 Synonyms- “cast relator,”

“model holders,”
“antagonizing frames,”
“occluding frames,”
“occlusion frames,” and
“antagonizors.
 In 1914, Wilson emphatically expresses opposition to the
widely used designation of articulators to these instrument

“occlusion frames”/“antagonizors”

 In GPT -7 articulator
obsoleted “occluding frame” ,
omitted “antagonizing frame” and “antagonizors” altogether
 Articulation:
The static & dynamic contact relationship between the
occlusal surfaces of teeth during function.” (GPT-8)
TEMPOROMANDIBUAR JOINT.
 Most complex joint in the body.
 Technically- ginglymoarthrodial joint.
 Compound joint
 Develops from 1st branchial arch and become distinguish
in 4th month of IUL.
 TMJ consists of 4 main structures:-
 Condyle
 Temporal bone (Squamous part)
 Articular disc
 Ligaments
CLASSIFICATION:-
I) According to Sharry:-
a) According to direction -

b) According to tooth contact –

c) Limitation by joint structure –
d) Functions of masticatory system –
e) CNS -
CLASSIFICATION:-
I) According to Sharry:-
a) According to direction -
b) According to tooth contact – Movements with tooth
Movements without tooth

c) Limitation by joint structure –

d) Functions of masticatory system –
e) CNS -
CLASSIFICATION:-
I) According to Sharry:-
a) According to direction -
b) According to tooth contact –
c) Limitation by joint structure –
CLASSIFICATION:-
I) According to Sharry:-
a) According to direction -
b) According to tooth contact –
c) Limitation by joint structure –
d) Functions of masticatory system – Mastication
Deglutition
Speech
e) CNS - Respiration
CLASSIFICATION:-
I) According to Sharry:-
a) According to direction -
b) According to tooth contact –
c) Limitation by joint structure –
d) Functions of masticatory system –
e) CNS -
Innate movements – breathing & swallowing
Learned movements – speech and chewing
II) According to the type of movement occurs in TMJ:-
III) According to the planes of border movements:-
a) Sagittal plane border movement
b) Horizontal plane border movements
c) Frontal plane border movements

Sagittal plane Horizontal plane Frontal plane

 ECCENTRIC MANDIBULAR
 MOVEMENTS
protrusive and lateral movements -
1) PROTRUSIVE MOVEMENT:- consists mainly of condylar
translations
a)Sagittal Protrusive Condylar Path:- b) Sagittal Protrusive Incisal Path:-
 Ranges from 5º- 55º. Range between 50-70 degrees.
 Mean 30º.
2) LATERAL MOVEMENT:-
Sagittal Lateral Condylar Path:-
 The orbiting condylar path is known as sagittal lateral
condylar path.
 Lateral condylar path is longer & more steep than the
protrusive condylar path.
Terminologies for Condyles
WORKING SIDE NON-WORKING
SIDE
Rotating Orbiting
side/condyle side/condyle
Ipsilateral side/ Contralateral
condyle side/ condyle
Laterotrusion Mediotrusive
side/ condyle side/ condyle
Pivoting Swerving
side/condyle side/translating
condyle/
Advancing
condyle
 Fischer Angle:- The angle formed between the sagittal
protrusive condylar path & sagittal lateral condylar
path(approx 5º).

 The angle formed by the sagittal lateral condylar path

& horizontal reference plane is known as “sagittal
inclination of lateral condylar path” with a range 11º -
61º & mean 35º.
 Bennett in 1908, studied working condylar path & called as
BENNETT MOVEMENT.

 Bennett movement refers to condylar movement on the working

side &,

 Bennett Shift is the bodily side shift of the mandible on

working side in horizontal direction.
IMMEDIATE SIDE SHIFT – is the 1st movement the
mandible makes when the non-working condyle moves
from centric position medially against the medial &
superior wall of the articular fossa to a distance of
approx. 1mm.(range 0-2.6mm).

Beyond this the condyle moves forward, downward &

inward, this is known as ‘PROGRESSIVE SIDE
SHIFT.’
 Its value is 7.5 degrees.
 The angle formed by lateral horizontal condylar path &
sagittal plane is called ‘BENNETT ANGLE’ (varies 2º -44º
mean 16º).
M uth is the best
articulator
 ..then why can’t
we use
 Patient’s saliva, tongue, and cheeks

 Shifting denture bases

 Resiliency of the supporting tissues

 Inability of humans to detect visually subtle changes in motion

 The inability to know exact location of the condyles

 More chair time

 No lingual visualization.
Articulator through
 EVOLUTION OF
ARTICULATORS
- Very little is known about the exact origin of dental
articulators.

- distinction of “inventing the articulator” - Phillip Pfaff

and Jean Baptistc
Gariot.
1) Phillip Pfaff (1756) was the first to describe a wax
impression procedure and a method for making plaster
casts; and
2) Jean Baptiste Gariot (1805) was the first to describe a
method for mounting casts and preserving their
relationship with a plaster index (“plaster articulator”).
 FIRST US PATENTS FOR ARTICULATORS

James Cameron’s
articulator 1840 Evans’ articulator 1840
Unique pole
stand design
 FIRST TO IMITATE MANDIBULAR
MOVEMENTS
D.T. Even recognized the forward and lateral movement of
mandible and in 1840 presented his improved apparatus -
‘‘Dentist’s Guide,’’
WHY WAS THE EVEN’S ARTICULATOR
UNSUCCESSFUL ?
 ‘‘FIXED CONDYLAR
GUIDE’’ARTICULATORS
THE NEXT ADVANCEMENT
 FIXED DESCENDING CONDYLAR
PATH
- In 1889, RICHMOND S. HAYES of East Bloomfield, NY
- nearly 50 years after the Daniel T. Evens articulator
pioneered a provision for the lateral and protrusive
movements of the mandible
Hayes design is likely the FIRST example of an articulator
That can be easily identified with what is now known as an
‘‘ARCON’’ articulator.
 F.H. Balkwill (1866) and C.E. Luce (1889), had
conducted studies on mandibular movement, and both
reported observing downward movement of the condyles
during mandibular excursions.

not widely publicized

“ADJUSTABLE CONDYLAR
GUIDE” ARTICULATOR
Walker physiological articulator,1896
 Facial clinometer

- Designed to determine the

angle of the condylar paths on
the face, it can be considered
to be the origin of the
extraoral method for
recording mandibular
movement, although the paths
were not actually scribed.
 GRITMAN ARTICULATOR

- Patented and introduced with

the Snow facebow by
George B. Snow and
A.D. Gritman in 1899.

- The condylar paths also

included a slight Balkwill-
Bennett angle ‘‘to represent
Descending condylar paths of 15 degrees,
the average oblique descent
of the condyle’’
 New century articulator
 George B. Snow in 1899.
 Snow facebow, improved the Gritmann articulator
Christensen’s procedure

by adding the adjustable condylar paths

and a tension spring for a greater range of movement.
 New century adjustable
articultor (1909)
Developed in accordance with Bonwill’s theory.
 In the modified version of the New Century Articulator,
incisal pin was incorporated.
 Acme’ articulator
 An elaboration of Snow’s New Century Instrument.

 Straight condylar path, adjustable condylar inclination

and provision for Bennett movement.
 Christensen’s articulator and
phenomenon
(1901-05)

- suggested the use of a protrusive interocclusal wax record to

measure the angle of the condylar paths that he believed
corresponded to the observed space, and to use this record
to set the condylar controls of an
adjustable articulator
- “Christensen’s Phenomenon,”-coined by Ulf Posselt.
- Actually, it would have been more aptly named
“Balkwill’s Phenomenon,” because it had been
previously described by Balkwill in 1866.
- Nevertheless, Christensen’s procedure was a major
contribution and is likely the origin of the
intraoral (checkbite) method
for recording mandibular movement.
 “Scribing’’Articulators:
Functionally Generated Custom Guide
Controls
 scribing assemblies consist of 2 to 3 cup-like receptacles
on the lower member with corresponding tracing devices
-pins,
-rods, or on the upper member.
-studs

 The receptacles filled with a soft moldable material

(modeling compound/acrylic resin) & tracing devices
function to displace the soft material before it solidifies.
 Scribing articulators….
Luce Articulator
Eltner articulator 1912
Eichentopf’s first articulator, 1914.
The Eichentopf Articulator, 1921.
The Eichentopf “Universal-Modell’’Articulator, 1922.
The Eichentopf “Klinic-Modell’’
The Wustrow articulator, 1921
The Homer articulator, 1921.
 GYSI SIMPLEX
ARTICULATOR ,1912
-Condylar paths - 33 degrees
-Lateral paths - 16 degrees.
- The incisal guide had ‘‘the
most practical upward
slant.’’

First articulator to have an

- incisal pin and
- guide assembly.
Gysi trubyte articulator,1928
APPEARANCE OF GOTHIC ARCH
INCISAL GUIDING SYSTEM

Needle house articulator

..adjusted using NEEDLE HOUSE METHOD
 ARTICULATORS BASED ON
GEOMETRIC THEORIES OF
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS

Bonwill’s Monson’s Hall’s

Equilateral spherical conical
theory theory theory
Bonwill’s Equilateral theory,1864
Monson’s spherical theory,1898
Hall’s conical theory,1915

Alligator

Hall articulator
 Failure of these articulators based on theories is because
provision was not made for variations from theoretical
relationship that occurs in different persons.
 Hanau

 Rudolph L. Hanau, an
engineer during the time of
First World War in 1921
developed’ a research model
called the’ Hanau - Model C
Articulator’.

 Provision for controlled

movement with more
accurate and accessible
controls.
 Model 110: Individual condylar guidance adjustments
in both sagittal and horizontal planes.

 Lateral condylar angle calculated by the formula

L = H/8 +12

 In 1927, he modified the model 110 with the

introduction of. Incisal guide table.
 Wadsworth : did not accept the
bilateral Condylar symmetry.

 In 1924, he developed the

articulator for which facebow
was used to mount the cast.

 It had an adjustable inter-
condylar distance and the
condylar paths were slightly
curved.
Wadsworth articulator and face-bow 1921

Third point of reference - Naso-optic condylar triangle

 Hanau Model Kinescope -
1927
 condylar posts on each
sides.
 ..inner condylar posts
adjusted mediolaterally to
set inter condylar distance.
 Stansberry Tripod – 1929

..one posteriorly & 2 guides

anteriorly
..no mechanical equivalents
for condyles
..conylar controls at occlusal
plane level
.. produces only positions
and not movements
 Transograph – Page 1952

• Split axis instrument

• Allow each condylar axis
to function independent of
the other…did not believe
in common hinge axis
 Dentagraph – 1955 -- Kile
 Primarily used for complete
denture construction.
 Custom built for each pt
 Vertical dimension of occlusion
established using corborandum
& plaster occlusal rims by using
Patterson method.
 Charles Stuart in 1955 designed the fully adjustable
Articulator.

 Later, in 1964 he introduced the Whip Mix Semi

adjustable Arcon Articulator with three intercondylar
adjustments — small, medium and large.
 PURPOSES OF AN
ARTICULATOR
Maintains casts in a predetermined vertical height &
centric relation and to effect lateral movements which
mimic the TMJ.
 USES OF AN ARTICULATOR
 Diagnosis –used for mounting of dental casts for
diagnosis, treatment planning and patient presentation in
both the natural and artificial dentitions.
 To plan dental procedures that involves positions,
contours, and relationships of both natural and artificial
teeth as they relate to each other.
 USES OF AN ARTICULATOR
 Indirect fabrication of dental restorations and lost dental
parts.

 To correct and modify completed restorations.

 teaching and studying of occlusion and mandibular

movements.
Basic Requirements

Open and close in hinge movement

Hold
Non
Moving
Accept casts
moving
face inshould
And
parts
bow correct
parts move
transfershould
Positive anterior stop
Allowhorizontal
forbe
freely &ofbe
rigid
and
protusive construction
vertical motion
&lateral
accurately
machined position
Additional Requirements

ConylarAdjustable
element
Removable - horizontal
lower
mounting frame
plates and
Terminal hinge
Adjustable
Adjustable position locking
Intercondylar
incisal guide table device
width
Acceptlateral
Condylar guide condylar
- upper
third point guide
frame
of reference
– graphic tracings
elements
 ADVANTAGES OF AN
ARTICULATOR
 Properly mounted casts allow the operator to better
visualize the patient’s occlusion, especially from the
lingual view.

 Patient cooperation is not a factor when using an

articulator once the appropriate interocclusal records are
obtained from the patient.
 ADVANTAGES OF AN
ARTICULATOR
 The refinement of complete denture occlusion in the mouth is
extremely difficult because of shifting denture bases & resiliency
of the supporting tissues. Interocclusal records can be obtained &
complete denture occlusion can easily be refined outside the
mouth on an articulator.

 Considerably more chair time and patient appointment time is

required when utilizing the mouth as an articulator.
 ADVANTAGES OF AN
ARTICULATOR
 More procedures can be delegated to auxiliary personnel
when utilizing an articulator for development and
refinement of the patient’s occlusion.

 The patient’s saliva, tongue, and cheeks are not factors

when using an articulator.
 LIMITATIONS OF AN
ARTICULATOR
 Articulators are made primarily of metal, although some
have plastic parts. Articulators are subject to error in
tooling and to error resulting from metal fatigue and wear.
 LIMITATIONS OF AN
ARTICULATOR
 Any articulator does not duplicate the condylar
movements in the temporomandibular joints.

 The condylar elements and guidance surfaces should be

thought of as cams that create equivalent- like motion in
the area of the teeth.

 The movements simulated are empty-mouth sliding

motions, not functional movements.
 LIMITATIONS OF AN
ARTICULATOR
 It might appear that because the articulator may not
exactly reproduce intra border and functional movements,
the mouth would be the best place to complete the
occlusion.
 LIMITATIONS OF AN
ARTICULATOR
Regardless of how simple or complex an articulator may be,
its effectiveness depends on

 How well the operator understands its construction and

purpose;
 How enthusiastic the dentist is for the particular
instrument;
 How well the dentist understands the anatomy of the
joints, their movements, and the neuromuscular system;
 How much precision and accuracy are used in registering
jaw relations;
 How sensitive the instrument is to these records.
CLASSIFICATIONS
 GILLIS(1926)
Adaptable or Adjustable
Average or Fixed type

BOUCHER (1934)
Two dimensional instrument
Three dimensional instrument
BECK’S (1962)
i. Suspension instrument
ii. Axis instrument
iii. Tripod instrument
WEINBERG (1963)

i. Arbitrary
ii. Positional
iii. Semi adjustable
iv. Fully adjustable

POSSELT’S (1968)

1. Plain line
2. Mean value
3. Adjustable
C.J. THOMAS (1973)

Arbitrary

Axis type
Positional Non axis type
Static type

Axis type
Functional Non axis type
Functional type
JOHN J. SHARRY (1974)

1. Simple hinge type

2. Fixed guide type,
3. Adjustable instruments

HALPERIN et al
i. Simple or Hinge articulators

ii. Fully adjustable articulators

Arcon
iii. Semi adjustable articulators Non-arcon
 HALPERIN
Rectilinear
Curvilinear

BOUCHER
(1)The theories of occlusion

(2) The types of records used for their adjustment.

a) Those utilizing the Inter occlusal records.
b) Those using the Graphic record adjustment.
c) Those utilizing hinge-axis location for adjusting the
articulator.
CHARLES M. HEARTWELL Jr

Class I

Class II
Type 1 (Hinge)
Type 2 (Arbitrary)
Types 3 (Average)
Type 4 (Special)
 International prosthodontics workshop
(University of Michigan in 1972)

Class I. Class III.

Subdivision A Subdivision A
Subdivision B Subdivision B

Class II. Class IV.

Subdivision A Subdivision A
Subdivision B Subdivision B
Subdivision C
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class I. Articulator
A Simple holding instrument capable of accepting a single
static registration.
Subdivision A: Vertical motion is
possible, but only for convenience.

The Verticulator The Corelator

(Jelenko) (Denar Corp.)
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class I. Articulator

Subdivision B: Vertical motion

is joint related.

The Centric relator (Denar Corp)

 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class
ClassII.
II.Articulator
Articulator
An instrument that permits horizontal as well as vertical motion
but does not orient the motion to the temporomandibular joints.

Subdivision A: Eccentric
motion permitted is based
on average or arbitrary
values

Gysi Simplex
Articulator
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class II. Articulator

Subdivision B: Eccentric
motion permitted is based
on theories of arbitrary
motion.

The Monson Maxillo-mandibular

articulator
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class II. Articulator

Subdivision C:
Eccentric motion
permitted is
determined by the
patient using
engraving methods.

The Gnathic
Relator
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class III. Articulator

These instruments allow for orientation of the cast relative to the
joints and may be arcon or nonarcon instruments, accept facebows,
and have mounting plates for unlimited case load.

Subdivision A: Instruments
that accept static protrusive
registrations and use
equivalents for the rest of the
motion.
Hanau Nonarcon
H2 Articulator
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class III. Articulator

Subdivision B: Instruments that

accept static lateral protrusive
registrations and use equivalents for
the rest of the motion.

Gysi trubyte
Hanau-Teledyne
Panadent Model P
Denar Mark II
Whipmix
Articulator
Articulator
Articulator
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class IV. Articulator

-3- dimensional dynamic registrations.

-These instruments allow for orientation of the casts to the TMJ and
replication of all mandibular movements.

Subdivision A: The cam

representing the condylar
paths are formed by
registration engraved by the
patient.

TMJ-Stereographic
Denar Combi articulator
instrument
 International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Class IV. Articulator

Subdivision B: Instruments
that have condylar paths that
can be angled and customized
either by selection from a
variety of curvatures, by
modification, or both.

Stuart
Denar D5A
Articulator
Articulator
 RIHANI 1980

Fully adjustable Semiadjustable Nonadjustable

Can accept all the Can accept all the Can accept one or
following five following three two of the
records. records. following records:
1. Face bow 1. Face bow 1. Face bow
2. Centric jaw 2. Centric jaw 2. Centric jaw
relation record relation record relation record
3. Protrusive 3. Protrusive 3. Protrusive
record. record. record.
4. Lateral records
5. Intercondylar
distance record

Rihani A: classification of articulators, J Prosthet Dent 1980;43:344-347

 SELECTION OF AN
ARTICULATOR
NON ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
In Complete Dentures
 interocclusal record is accurate

Simple hinge articulator can be relied on to preserve the

centric relation position precisely,

 it cannot accept even simple eccentric interocclusal

records

Refining nonworking side contacts for balanced occlusion

 NON ADJUSTABLE
ARTICULATORS
In Fixed Prosthodontics
 The distance between the
teeth and the axis of rotation
on the small instrument is
considerably shorter than it is
in the skull.

 resulting in non-working
side premature contacts on
the distal mandibular inclines
and the mesial maxillary
inclines of posterior teeth.
 NON ADJUSTABLE
ARTICULATORS-
 Their useIn fixed
often leads to prosthodontics
restorations with occlusal
discrepancies, because these instruments do not have the
capacity to reproduce the full range of mandibular
movement.

 If discrepancies are left uncorrected, occlusal

interferences and associated neuromuscular disorders may
result.
SEMI ADJUSTABLE
ARTICULATORS
In Complete Dentures
 A face-bow transfer and a centric relation record orient
the casts on the articulator.
 Lateral movements are simulated by first obtaining an
individual protrusive interocclusal record for adjusting the
vertical condylar guidance inclination.
 Bennett angle (medial inclination) of the balancing
mechanism is calculated by formula and then transferred
to the instrument rotating the condylar posts.
 When the average anatomic location of the hinge axis is
utilized, we must assume a maximum error of plus or
minus 5 mm.

 If the relation of the jaws to the hinge axis of the patient

differs from the relation of the casts to the hinge axis of
the instrument, when a 3 mm wax centric record is
removed and the articulator is closed, an anteroposterior
error of approximately 0.2 mm would be produced.
 Intercondylar distances are not totally adjustable on semi
adjustable articulators.

 They can be adjusted to small, medium, and large

configurations, if at all.

 Restorations will require some intraoral adjustment.

 In Fixed Prosthodontics
 A semi adjustable articulator is an instrument whose
larger size allows a close approximation of the anatomic
distance between the axis of rotation and the teeth.
Semi adjustable articulators are of
two types
 ARCON NONARCON
 B1 =  B2  B3   B4

Condylar inclination fixed relative Condylar inclination fixed relative to

to maxillary occlusal plane mandibular occlusal plane

Error in setting condylar inclination when protrusive

inter occlusal record used
 The arcon articulator is anatomically “correct,”

makes understanding of mandibular movements easier,

 as opposed to the nonarcon articulator

whose movements are confusingly “backward”

FULLY ADJUSTABLE
ARTICULATORS
In complete dentures
 It would be extremely difficult to obtain accurate graphic
records, so sophisticated, fully adjustable articulators that
reproduce the curves of the border movements are
unnecessarily complex.
 Similarly, instruments that require a kinematic face bow
transfer to locate the hinge axis offer no advantage.
In Fixed Prosthodontics

 The most accurate instrument is the fully adjustable

articulator.

 It is designed to reproduce
- border movements,
- including immediate & progressive lateral translation,
- the curvature and direction of the condylar inclination,
- intercondylar distance is completely adjustable.
 When a kinematically located hinge axis and an accurate
recording of mandibular movement are employed, a
highly accurate reproduction of the mandibular movement
can be achieved.

 Rather than relying on wax records to adjust the

instrument, special pantographic tracings are used to
record the patient’s border movements.
 By Tracking irregular pathways of movement throughout
entire trajectories

permits the fabrication of complex prostheses,

requiring minimal adjustment at the try-in and delivery

appointment.
 They can be very useful as treatment complexity increases

 When all four posterior quadrants are to be restored

simultaneously.

 Full mouth rehabilitation

 Articulator Selection for Fixed Prosthodontics

Fully Adjustable Semi adjustable Nonadjustable Unmounted Casts

Arcon Denar Mark

Denar D5-A Nonarcon Hanau
II Whip Mix Hanau Large Small Arch Quadrant
Stuart TMJ 96H2 Dentatus
183-2

More Diagnostic information provided Less

More Occlusal information conveyed to laboratory Less

More Time and skill needed at initial appointment Less

Less Chair time needed before cementation More

Multiple
Diagnostic assessment and treatment of Larger articulators for single
opposing NO Only when occlusal
most patients requiring fixed restorations; some adjustment
anterior influence minimal
prosthodontics necessary
guidance

Extensive Small hinge articulator only

occlusal when occlusal influence
pathology minimal
 Hanau series H-2 articulator
 Semi-Adjustable, Non-Arcon.

0 to 75 degree

0 to 30 degree
Earpiece facebow transfer
Mounting mandibular cast
Adjustment of condylar
guidance
Adjustment of incisal guide
Remounting record
 HANAU-MATE® Average
Type Articulator
 Non-adjustable (fixed),
Arcon-Type Articulator.
 Condylar guidance has a 30
degree inclination.
 Built-in average Bennett
Angle of 15 degrees
 Removable upper member to
speed wax ups.
 Hanau Wide-Vue Arcon
 183-2
Semi-adjustable , Arcon articulator.

 Lingual visibility is unobstructed

 Readily accepts the HANAU™ Spring

Bow, Earbow or the Fascia Facebow.

 Standard equipment includes:

Adjustable Bennett =0 to 30 degrees
 Adjustable Condylar Guidance =-20 to
+60 degrees
 Modular Articulator
 System
Semi-Adjustable, Arcon-type

 The feature of the curved 19mm

(3/4") radius simulates average
anatomical movements.

 Complex computer-machined,
Radial Shift curvatures are already
carved into the fossae. They guide
the casts forward, downward and
inward simultaneously much like the
motion found in natural anatomy.
 Modular Articulator

System
Two different types of incisal
guides are available: One for use
with fast setting acrylic; the other
guide is adjustable
anteriorly/posteriorly and laterally.
 Precision machining allows transfer
of casts from one Modular
Articulator to another.
 Positive Centric achieved with our
new Snap Latch Lock.
 Whip mix 8500 articulator
 Based on research by renowned gnathologist Dr. Charles
Stuart
Features:
 Fully adjustable
 Condylar Guidance featuring:
 Adjustable condylar inclination
 Progressive side shift
 Adjustable intercondylar width
 Whip mix 2000 series
articulator
 "Accumount" Mounting System.

 Model 2240
 Model 2340
 Model 2240 articulator
 Interframe spacing of over 4 inches allows easy mounting
of even the bulkiest casts.
 Quick-acting centric lock.
 Condylar guidance featuring:
 Adjustable condylar inclination
with curved eminentia
 Immediate side shift
 Fixed intercondylar distance
of 110 mm
 Whip mix 3000 series
articulators
 Tracking fossae which allow upper and lower frames to
remain together during excursive movements
 Model 3040
 Model 3140
 Whip mix 4000 series
 articulators
Elimination of the crossbar
between the uprights on the
lower member.
 This frame design provides
optimum posterior access for
enhanced visibility and lingual
access of any Whip Mix
articulator.

 Model 4640
 Model 4641
 SAM ARTICULTORS
 The company was founded by Heinz Mack, a practicing
dentist in Munich, Germany.

 Used the Munich Dental School as a testing site and

therefore called it School Articulator Munich (SAM).
 SAM 2 P ARTICULTOR
 Arcon type
 Different condylar
curved pathways
(removable housing) and
Bennett guidance curves
(removable inserts).
 SAM 2 PX ARTICULTOR
 Arcon type.
 The protrusive adjustment is
built in.
 Transparent condylar
housing covers keep the
upper and lower members of
the articulator together when
the centric lock is
disengaged and also allows
for eccentric movements.
 SAM 3 ARTICULTOR
 it has a unique and different
high precision centric
locking mechanism which
functions independent of
both Bennett Guidance and
Condylar Pathway Inserts.

 An optional micro adjustable

protrusion and retrusion
screw is available.
 KAVO ARTICULATORS
 “PROTAR evo” models

Features:
 Light, hygienic metal surface.
 Smooth surface with fewer corners
and edges for easy cleaning.
 Lower weight
 Larger scale for inclination of joint
path and hence more precise
programming.
 Magnetic mounting.
 DENAR ARTICULATORS
 NON ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATOR
 DENAR® Automark

 SEMI-ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
 DENAR® Advantage
 DENAR® Anamark Plus
 Denar® Combi II Articulator
 DENAR® Automark
 Non-adjustable,
arcon articulator.

 Fixed settings:
-25 degrees protrusive angle;
-7 degrees progressive side shift;
-intercondylar distance 110mm.
 DENAR® Advantage
 Semi-Adjustable.
 Maximum lingual visibility.
 Positive centric latch/positioner.
 CLOSED (TRACKING) FOSSAE

 Protrusive angle 0-90 degrees;

progressive side shift 0-30
degrees; maximum open 180
degrees;
 Fixed settings: straight rear wall;
intercondylar distance 110mm.
 DENAR® Anamark Plus
 Semi-adjustable articulator,
 Three sets of pre-programmed
Fossae available with immediate
side shift .5mm, 1.0mm and
1.5mm;
 7 degree progressive side shift
and
 3/4" curvature of superior wall;
 Arcon design.
 Denar® Combi II
 Articulator
Semi-adjustable articulator with
fixed progressive side shift and
adjustable condylar inclination.
Features include:
 Progressive side shift fixed at 15
degrees.
 Condylar inclination adjustable
0 - 60 degrees.
 Ability to tilt the instrument
back at a 45 degree angle.
 All finger screws, no tools
required.
2004, two companies - Amann Dental
GmbH in Austria and Girrbach Dental GmbH in Germany -
merged.

Austrian plant, Amann Dental was founded in 1973 by

Dietmar Amann.

German plant, Girrbach Dental GmbH, was established in

1936 by Herbert Girrbach.
 Basic Concept behind all Artex articulators

Balkwill  Reliable, reproducible centric

Bonwill angle 25°
Triangle
 Bonwill Triangle 110mm at Balkwill angle
of 25°

 Average value marking of occlusal plane in

posterior columns

 Scaled 15 mm incisal guidance pin,

adjustable (-5 to +10mm)

 Curved progression of condyle path

corresponding to radius of inclination of
eminentia. Radius 12.5mm


Occlussal
Plane
The different types of Artex articulators
Non-Arcon
Non-Arcon Arcon
Arcon

Artex NK Artex AP
Pracical, robust, Arcon version of the
priceworthy. Basic Artex TK. Includes
model includes perfect intelligent, highly
centric lock. Fixed precise, soft and
inclination of condylar passively closing
guidance with radial centric lock
curvature, adjustable
Benett Angle
Artex AR
Artex TK
Fully adjustable
Semi-adjustable articulator with
Condylar path 15-60° sideshift, protrusive
and retrusive
Benett Angle 0-20° movements.
Otherwise identical to Simulates all relevant
Artex NK movements
Same centric lock as
AP
 Artex articulators
 Artex® Type AR
 Fully adjustable instrument
 Centric lock that allows it to
fully open
without disengaging.
 Bennett Angle is adjustable
from 5° to 30° condylar
inclination from -20° to 60° and
immediate sideshift from 0 to
1.5 mm on each side.
 Artex articulators
 The protrusion indicator
adjusts from 0 to 6mm; the
retrusion indicator from 0
to -2mm.
 The unit provides vertical
adjustability for joint
distraction and
compression.
 Artex® Type CP
 A semi-adjustable arcon
dental articulator.
 Provides an adjustable
condylar inclination
between -20° and +60°, a
radius of 19 mm, and
adjustable Bennett angle
from 0 to 30°.
 Distraction up to 3 mm for
precompensation of
restricted joint areas
 ARTEX® TYPE NK
 Semi-adjustable non arcon
type.
 Allows for Bennett Angle
adjustment from 0° to 20°.
The condyle radius is fixed
at 19mm and the condylar
inclination at 35°.
 LUBRICATION

 Light application of quality hand piece oil

 Excess oil should be wiped off
 Thin coating of petroleum jelly-when in contact with gypsum
 CLEANING
 Cleaning solvent or mild detergent
 Liberal use of fluid with small brush removes all wax and
abrasive grit
 NO to Scraping or Abrasive cleanser
 Effect of chlorine in abrasive cleansers
 Blow dry air, re-lubricate
 Watch for thumb screw AWASH !!!!
STORAGE
When not in use ,store in clean, dry atmosphere-free of plaster and
abrasive dust
A corrugated carrying carton
NOT near acids, alkalies or medicaments-Fumes may be of
corrosive nature.
DO NOT CONFINE THE ARTICULATOR in a instrument case
Carl O Boucher, “It must be recognized that the
person operating the instrument is more important
than the instrument. If dentists understand
articulators and their deficiencies, they can
compensate for their inherent inadequacies”.
 References
 Teledyne (Hanau) Industries: Illustrated Instruction Manual for the
Hanau Wide Vue Arcon Articulator and Wide Vue II Articulator.

 Thomas C. J. “A Classification of Articulators”. J.Prosthet Dent

1993 ; 30 : 11-14.

 Winkler Sheldon: Essentials of complete Denture Prosthodontics,

2nd edition, U.S.A. JEA, 1996, p 142-182.
 Sharry J.J. : Complete denture Prosthodontics, 1st edition, New
York, McGrew–Hiel, 1962, p-196.

 Shillingburg H. T. “Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics”. 3rd

Edition, Quintessence Publishing Co., Chicago, 1997.
 Dawson - Occlusion

 Heartwell Cm Jr, Rahn AO : Textbook of complete

dentures, 5th edition, Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger,
1993, p-59.

 Boucher’s : Prosthetic Treatment for edentulous patients,

11th edition, 1997, p.220.
 J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;1 : 51  J Prosthodont 2001 (10) ;4 : 240

 J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;2 : 110  J Prosthodont 2002 (11) ;1 : 53

 J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;3 : 161  J Prosthodont 2002 (11) ;2 : 134

 J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;4: 217  J Prosthodont 2002 (11) ;3 : 183

 J Prosthodont 2001 (10) ;1 : 52  J Prosthodont 2002 (11) ;4 : 305

 J Prosthodont 2001 (10) ; 2 : 115  J Prosthodont 2003 (12) ;1 : 51-

62
 J Prosthodont 2001 (10) ;3 : 170
 Noel D. Wilkie, Donald L. Mitchell : Articulators through
the years. Part – I J Prosthet dent 1978 ; 39 :140-141.

 Noel D.W., Donald L. Mitchell: Articulators through the

years. Part – II J Prosthet dent 1978 ; 39 :168-181.

 Rihami A. “Classification of Articulators”. J.Prosthet

Dent 1980 ; 43:344-47.

 Rosenstiel s., Land M.F. And Fujimoto “Contemporary

fixed prosthodontics”. 3rd Edition, Mosby, St. Louis,
USA, 2001.
.
CONDYLAR TRACK- OPEN & CLOSED
Custom made Condylar
Guidance
 Bennett angle adjustment

Hanau(L=H/8+12) Whipmix
To accommodate precurrent side shift in whipmix(DB2000) by
using 1mm shim
 Centric lock

Hanau Wideview Whipmix

centric lock screw centric latch
 Incisal Pin

Curved pin Micro pin Dual end Adjustable foot

 INCISAL GUIDE TABLE

Adjustable incisal Custom incisal

guide table guide table

Flat plastic
incisal table
 Accessory Attachments…

Cast support

Orbitale indicator Mounting plates

 Broadrick Occlusal Plane
Analizer …

Bow compass with graphite leads &

needle point
Card index with thumb
screws

..Analysis of curve of spee & wilson to develop an

acceptable curve of occlusion