Wireless and mobile Communication
Background of Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication Technology
Wireless Communication Systems
Overview
Communication Systems
Wireless Communications
Current Wireless Systems
Wireless LANs
Paging Systems
Cellular systems
Satellite Systems
Bluetooth
Design challenges
Communication Systems
Provide electronic exchange of multimedia Data, Voice,
Video, Music, Email, Web pages, etc.
Communication Systems of today are used for Radio, TV
broadcasting, Data and Public Switched Telephone
Network (voice, fax, modem)
Cellular Phones
Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet)
Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts)
Bluetooth (Cable replacement)
Block diagram of a Communication Systems
Carrier
Transmitted Received
signal signal
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Information to
be transmitted Recovery of
information
(Baseband signal)
Wireless Communications
Multimedia wireless Communications at any
Time and Anywhere
Brief history
Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons
Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi
Many sophisticated military radio systems were developed
during and after WW2
Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988, with
more than 2 billion users worldwide today
Ignited the recent wireless revolution, 1980-2003
Current Wireless Systems
Cellular systems
Wireless LANs
Satellite Systems
Paging Systems
Bluetooth
Ultra Wide Band Systems
Cellular Systems: Reuse channels to maximize
capacity
Geographic region divided into cells
Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated
locations.
Co-channel interference between same color cells.
Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden
BASE
STATION
MTS
O
Type of Cells
Global
Satellite
Suburban Urban
In-Building
Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Type of Cells
Cell radii can be vary from 10’s of meters in
buildings to 100’s of meters in the cities, up to
several km’s in the countryside.
Macrocells, provide overall area coverage
Microcells, focus on slow moving subscribers
moving between buildings.
Picocells, focus on the halls of a theater, or
exhibition centre.
Cellular Phone Networks
Taxila
BS
BS
Internet
Lahore
MTSO MTSO
PSTN
BS
The Wireless Revolution
Cellular is the fastest growing sector of communication
industry (exponential growth since 1982, with over 2 billion users
worldwide today)
Three generations of wireless
First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly
vehicular communication
Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and
low bit-rate data, portable units.
2.5G increased data transmission capabilities
Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high
bit-rate data, portable units
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
01011011 0101 1011
Access
Point
WLANs connect “local” computers (100m
range)
Breaks data into packets
Channel access is shared (random access)
Backbone Internet provides best-effort
service
Wireless LAN Standards
802.11b (Current Generation)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)
Frequency hopped spread spectrum
1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
Since 2008,
802.11a (Emerging Generation) all WLAN
Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) Cards have
OFDM with time division
20-70 Mbps, variable range
all 3
Similar to HiperLAN in Europe standards
802.11g (New Standard)
Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
OFDM
Speeds up to 54 Mbps
Satellite Systems
Cover very large areas
Different orbit heights
GEOs (39000 Km)
LEOs (2000 Km)
Optimized for one-way transmission
Radio (XM, DAB) and movie (SatTV)
broadcasting
Most two-way systems struggling or
bankrupt
Expensive alternative to terrestrial
system
A few ambitious systems on the
horizon
Paging Systems
Broad coverage for short messaging
Message broadcast from all base stations
Simple terminals
Optimized for 1-way transmission
Answer-back hard
Overtaken by cellular
Bluetooth
Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)
Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
2.4 GHz band (crowded)
1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels
Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and
consumer electronics companies
Few applications beyond cable replacement
Wireless Comm. Design Challenges
Hardware Design
Precise components
Small, lightweight, low power
Cheap
High frequency operations
System Design
Converting and transferring information
High data rates
Robust to noise and interference
Supports many users
Network Design
Connectivity and high speed
Energy and delay constrains
Evolution towards to 3G
The growth of number of mobile subscribers
M.A. Uusitalo, “ The Wireless World Research Forum - Global Vision of Wireless World,” IWCT2005, Oulu, Finland, June 2005.
