FORMATION OF COMPANY

STAGES
• Promotion
• Incorporation\Registration
• Capital Subscription
• Commencement of business
PROMOTION
PROMOTION involves
• discovery of idea\ business opportunity
• investigation of the feasibility of the idea
• assembling of business elements i.e organising funds,property, and managerial ability into a
business concern
Person who does all this preliminary work is called PROMOTER. Sec.2(69) of Companies Act 2013
defines promoter. According to the definition, a promoter means a person
• has been named as such in the Prospectus or in the Annual Return
• Who has control over the affairs of the company directly or indirectly, whether as shareholder or
director or otherwise
• on whose advice, directions or instructions the BOD is accustomed to act.
The proviso to this section says that the persons assisting the promoter in professional
capacity ,e.g.as solicitors, accountants, counsels, experts ..are not promoters. A promoter may be
individual, a firm , an association of persons or even a company.
LEGAL POSITION OF A PROMOTER
• *neither trustee nor agent of the company as there is no trust or
principal in existence during promotional stage.

• *stands in a fiduciary position (position of trust and confidence)

towards the company and original allotee of shares. Therefore A
PROMOTER MUST MAKE FULL DISCLOSURE OF ALL MATERIAL FACTS
TO AN INDEPENDENT BODY OF DIRECTORS OR SHAREHOLDERS i.e.-
must not make SECRET PROFITS (law does not prohibit making of
profits, it prohibits nondisclosure of it) and the disclosure should be
made to independent board of directors\shareholders.
Case-Gluckstein vs. Barnes
 Promoters Liability

1. If secret profit is made by promoter, then the company can

• *recover it from promoter along with interest, or,
• * the company can set aside that transaction, restore the property back to the promoter and recover its
money
• *company can sue him for damages for his fraud or breach of fiduciary duties
2.Liability on Preliminary Contracts
• *the promoter is personally held liable on preliminary contracts\pre-incorporation contracts
3.Fraud in formation of the company.
• * liable for fraud u\s 447- If at the time of promotion of a company, the promoter furnishes any false \
incorrect information suppresses any material information knowingly
• * liable for misfeasance or breach of duty u\s 340-.If in the course of winding up,on an application made by
liquidators ,it appears to Tribunal that the promoters had misapplied\embezzled any property or money ,
the Tribunal can make him liable and take necessary action( i.e.it may order them to repay\restore such
money\ property along with interests \compensate for it)
• *public examination u\s 300 - the promoter may be subject to public examination by Tribunal if during the
winding up of the company ,the liquidator alleges him for fraud at the time of promotion\ formation\
conduct \ business of the company
 Promoters Liability

4.Misrepresentation in Prospectus
• *he is liable to original allotees of shares for misstatements\misrepresentations in prospectus.
(civil as well as criminal liability u\s 35 and 34 respectively ) Accordingly he would be liable to
penalty in the form of damages or imprisonment or fine.

5. Joint and Several Liability

• *liability of promoters is joint and several . If one of them pays damages, he can recover
contribution from other co-promoters. In jointly- means that the aggrieved party can make all
the promoters party to the dispute . Severally means the aggrieved party can sue any of them.
In that case if that promoter who was sued, pays damages, he can recover the contribution
from other copromoters. In case of death his estate is liable and incase of insolvency, company
can prove its claim from official assignee.
Promoters Remuneration.

1. Ways of remunerating promoters. *The remuneration may be paid for his services in
lumpsum in cash, or partly in cash and partly in shares \debentures of the company.*He
could also be remunerated by way of commission on purchase price of business taken over
by the company.* He may sell his own property to company at a profit provided he discloses
it to an independent body of directors or shareholders.
2. However, there is no contractual obligation on the part of the company to pay him for
these unless the co. has expressly agreed to pay after its formation for the services rendered
by him.
3. A promoter cannot file a suit in court for recovery of his remuneration and other
preliminary expenses incurred by him because he acted for a person who is yet to take birth.
4.The claim for expenses should be supported by vouchers and should be placed before the
directors of the company when formed.
5.The remuneration paid to promoters should be disclosed in the prospectus issued by the
 Preliminary or Pre-incorporation Contracts
These are contracts entered in to by promoters with third parties to acquire some property
or right for the company before its incorporation.

1.Such contracts are not legally binding on the company i.e. company can neither
sue other party nor be sued by the other party on such contracts. So, promoters
will continue to be personally liable for pre- incorporation contracts This is because
before incorporation , a company is a non-entity and for a valid contract two
consenting competent parties are must.

2.The company cannot even ratify the preincorporation contracts after its
incorporation because the doctrine of ratification requires existence of
principal ,competent to contract at the time of entering into the contract whereas
company was non-existant during that time.
 Preliminary or Pre-incorporation Contracts
These are contracts entered in to by promoters with third parties to acquire some property
or right for the company before its incorporation.

3. The only way of adopting preliminary contract is by novation i.e. entering into
new contracts with third parties on same terms as were embodied in the original
contract. So, generally promoters simply agree to draft contract to be finally entered
into by vendor and the company after the incorporation. Thus a new contract
embodying the terms of the old one is made afresh by the company after its
incorporation. Case. Natal Land & Colonisation Co. Ltd. vs. Pauline Colliery
Syndicate Ltd.
4. However, if contracts are covered under Sec.15(h) and 19(e) of Special Relief
Act,1963, they may be specifically enforced by or against the company. Thus, if a
contract is for the purposes of the company (is with in the object clause) and is
warranted by the terms of incorporation (necessary for incorporation) and the
company has accepted the contract and communicated its acceptance to the other
party, then only such contracts will be binding .Case Imperial Ice Manufacturing Co.
IMPERIAL ICE MANUFACTURING CO. VS MANCHERSHAW

• The promoters of an ice manufacturing company entered into a

contract with M for purchase of ice manufacturing machinery for the
company. The company on its formation, subsequently adopted the
contract and sent the communication of its acceptance to M. It was
held that the contract was “ for the purposes of the company” and
therefore ,enforceable by and against the company.
NATAL LAND & COLONISATION CO. LTD. VS
PAULINE COLLIERY SYNDICATE LMT.
Natal Co, entered into a contract with A who was acting as the nominee
of the syndicate ( which was not then registered), to grant lease of
certain mining property for 3 years. After registration the syndicate
sued the Natal co. for the specific performance of the agreement to
grant a lease. It was held that the syndicate co, was not entitled to
claim the lease as it was not in existence when the contract was
signed and a company cannot obtain the benefit of a preincorporation
contract unless a new contract is made by the co. after its
incorporation.
IInd Stage: INCORPORATION OR REGISTRATION

• Incorporation means registration of the company with the ROC. To get

registration, the promoter , takes the following preparatory steps -
• ascertains from the ROC, the availability of proposed name of the new
company
• obtains Letter of Intent (Industrial Licence) , if business comes within the
purview of Industries(Development and Regulation)Act,1951
• to fix up with auditors, bankers, solicitors, underwriters, signatories to MOA etc.
• to get MOA and AOA prepared and printed
Section 7 of the Companies Act ,2013 is on incorporation. Its various
subsections cover the entire procedure of incorporation and the related aspects .
 Registration of a company
As per Section7(1) ,The promoter is required to submit with the ROC of the
State , where the registered office of the company is to be situated, the
prescribed fees and the following documents\ information
• application for the registration of the proposed company
• MOA of the proposed company signed by all subscribers
• AOA of the proposed company signed by all the subscribers
• Compliance Declaration made by advocate\CA\CS\CWA involved in
company's formation and by a person named as director\manager\secretary
stating that all requirements of the Act and related Rules wrt registration have
been complied with
• Subscribers Declaration made by each of the subscribers and also from all
first directors that they are not guilty of any company related offence\fraud\
misfeasance\breach of duty during the preceding 5 years and that all the
information provided to ROC is correct and complete
 Registration of a company
• Address for correspondence till its registered office is established and address
finalized
• Subscribers particulars i.e their names, addresses, nationality, ID proofs and other
particulars
• Directors particulars i.e. their names, addresses, nationality,ID proofs, DIN and
other particulars
• Written Consent of directors of the proposed company to act in that capacity
• Particulars of directors' interest in other companies, firms and body corporates
Now, application for incorporating a company shall be made online in (SPICE plus
i.e. Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Companies Electronically) along with e-
MOA in Form No. INC-33 and e-AOA in Form No.34. SPICE form is an integrated web
form in which application for allotment of DIN upto 3 directors, reservation of name
of company, appointment of Directors of the proposed company and application for
registration can all be made together and there is no need to apply separately for
any of these matters.
 Registration of a company

• As per section7(2), the ROC, will then register the above documents and will
issue the Certificate of Incorporation in prescribed form. This is the birth
certificate of the company which bears the name, date of incorporation, CIN
number and seal of that ROC. Now, Certificate of Incorporation can be issued
electronically under the digital signatures of the ROC.
• As per section7(3), the ROC will also allot to the company a corporate identity
number ,which shall be a distinct identity for the company and is also mentioned
in Certificate of Incorporation.
• As per section 7(4), the company is required to maintain and preserve at its
registered office copies of all the documents originally filed with the ROC for
registration , until dissolution.
• As per section 7(5), if any person furnishes any false\incorrect information\
suppresses any material information in any of the documents filed with the ROC ,
then he shall be liable for fraud u\s 447 and be punished.
 Registration of a company
• As per section 7(6), if a company got incorporated on the basis of documents which contained any
false\incorrect\insufficient information etc., then the promoters, the directors and the persons who
made compliance declaration will be liable for fraud u\s 447 and punished.
• As per section 7(7), in case the company got incorporated on the basis of false\incorrect information
etc. and the case goes to NCLT, then the tribunal can also pass the following orders
- order any change in MOA or AOA keeping in view interest of co., members and public
- direct that the liability of the members be unlimited
- direct the removal of name of the company from Register of companies
- pass an order for winding up of the company
- pass such order as it thinks fit

EFFECT OF CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION -As per section 9 of Companies Act,2013 , from the date of
incorporation mentioned in the Certificate of Incorporation
• subscribers to memorandum become members of the company
• it gets status of a body corporate known by the name contained in Certificate of incorporation and gets
power to hold\buy \sell assets \ enter into contracts \ sue and be sued in its own name
 CONCLUSIVENESS OF CERTIFICATE OF
INCORPORATION
Under judicial interpretations , it had been well recognized that the Certificate of
Incorporation once issued is conclusive evidence that the company has been duly
registered. Case -Jubilee Cotton Mills Ltd. vs. Lewis. The validity of the Certificate
of Incorporation could not be disputed on any grounds whatever. So, once the
Certificate of Incorporation had been issued , it was presumed that all the
requirements of that Act had been complied with . No one could challenge the
incorporation of the company even if irregularities prior to registration are
subsequently discovered(e.g. it was found that the signatures in the registration
documents were forged, or signatories were incompetent to contract ,
unauthorized alterations were made in documents by promoters , subscribers of
MOA were not even seven in number etc. .This concept was also established in
cases such as Moosa Gulam Ariff vs Ebrahim Gulam Ariff .
 Certificate of Incorporation

• However, The Companies Act, 2013 doesn't contain any provisions with respect to
'Conclusiveness of Certificate of Incorporation'. Once a company got registered,
and subsequently it comes to the knowledge of authorities that the company had
furnished false \incorrect\ insufficient information in the documents filed at the time
of incorporation , then as per sec. 7(6) of the Companies Act,2013, the promoters\
first directors of the company shall be liable for fraud u\s 447 and be punished with
imprisonment and fine. Similarly u\s sec. 7(7) of the Act, the TRIBUNAL is
empowered in that case, to order winding up of the company or order the striking
off of the name of the company from the register of companies etc.
• SO, THE CONCEPT OF CONCLUSIVENESS OF CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION HAS
LOST ITS RELEVANCE UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013. IF IT IS PROVED THAT THE
COMPANY GOT INCORPORATED ON THE BASIS OF DOCUMENTS CONTAINING FALSE
OR INCORRECT INFORMATION OR IN ANY FRAUDULENT MANNER, THEN SECTION
7(7) , ALLOWS THE REGISTRAR TO QUESTION THE VALIDITY OF PROCEEDINGS
PRIOR TO INCORPORATION AND TAKE NECESSARY ACTIONS.
 IIIrd Stage: CAPITAL SUBSCRIPTION
• In this stage, the company arranges capital for its activities. Since a private
company is prohibited from inviting public for subscription of its securities, such
companies offer securities to a select group of persons through private
placements. Thus, a private company need not pass through this stage of capital
subscription.
• A public company ,on the other hand, can arrange capital either through private
placement or through public issue. When the amount of capital required is huge
and the company decides to raise capital from public issue, it is required to fulfill
the requirements of not just the Companies Act but also SEBI.
• SEBI is empowered to make rules and regulations to regulate the issue of capital
to public and to protect the interest of the investors. In this regard, it has
formulated SEBI (Issue of capital and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations,2009
to be complied by public companies making a public offer of its securities.
 IIIrd Stage: CAPITAL SUBSCRIPTION
Accordingly, the public companies have to follow the prescribed procedure-
• an offer to public can be made only through prospectus
• the directors have to carefully prepare prospectus and file its copy with the ROC
• thereafter, prospectus is put in circulation and public is invited
• on the basis of prospectus , applications for securities are received from public
and the application money is kept in a separate bank account
• if prescribed minimum subscription is not received within the stipulated time
period, all the application money received will be refunded forthwith to the
applicants and no allotment can be done.
• if prescribed minimum subscription is received within the stipulated time period
and other conditions of valid allotment are fulfilled, the directors pass formal
resolution of allotment. Allotment letters are posted, Return of Allotment is filed
with ROC, and share certificates are issued to allottees in exchange of allotment
 IVth Stage: COMMENCEMENT OF BUSINESS-

• The Companies (Amendment) Ordinance,2018 has reintroduced the requirement

on part of companies (whether public or private) to fulfill certain formalities
before commencing its businesses. Accordingly, a company will not be entitled to
commence its operations or exercise borrowing powers unless it has filed with
the ROC- a declaration (within 180 days of its incorporation) stating that the
subscribers to that MOA have all paid up on their shares and - a verification
( within 30 days of its incorporation)of its registered office address. If the
company fails to comply with this requirement, then it shall be liable to penalty
and in extreme cases, it could lead to removal of the companies' name from the
Register of Companies. Borrowing powers mean power to borrow on loans,
debentures etc.
 PROVISIONAL CONTRACTS

Provisional Contracts - These are the contracts entered into by a company after
obtaining Certificate of Incorporation but before becoming eligible to commence
business. Such contracts are not legally binding upon the company until it becomes
eligible for the commencement of business. After a company fulfills the
requirements such as- filing the declaration of subscribers and verification of office
address within the stipulated time-as are necessary for being eligible to commence
operations, these contracts become automatically binding on the company.
Difference in preliminary contracts and provisional contracts-
PRELIMINARY CONTRACTS PROVISIONAL CONTRACTS
These contracts are made before the registration of the company These contracts are made after registration but before fulfilling requirements u/s
10A
The company can neither sue nor be sued to enforce the preincorporation The company cannot be sued for enforcing a provisional contract till it becomes
contracts eligible for commencement of business.
Preliminary contracts can be made binding by ratification if covered u\s 15h and Provisional contracts become binding as soon as company becomes eligible for
19e of Special Relief Act, 1963 commencing business and do not require any ratification.
Special Relief Act,1963 governs preincorporation contracts Companies Act,2013 governs provisional contracts by inserting sec.10A
Promoters are liable on preincorporation contracts unless covered under Special Company is liable on provisional contracts but only after getting eligibility for
Relief Act. commencement.
ON LINE REGISTRATION OF COMPANY (Using SPICE +)
1. Web Form SPICE + has two parts-Part A (for name reservation of new companies) and Part B offering bouquet of
services viz. Incorporation ; DIN allotment; Mandatory issue of PAN; Mandatory issue of TAN; GSTIN; ESIC
registration; EPFO registration ; Professional Tax Registration ;Opening of Bank account
2. File Part A of Web Form SPICE+ for name reservation. Two names can be proposed in it. However ,if filling Part A
and Part B simultaneously, then propose only 1 name.
3. File Web Form SPICE+ for OPC/ Private/ Public co. within 20 days of name approval
4. Apply for DIN for upto 3 directors in the SPICE+. Also application for PAN and TAN can be made through SPICE +
only.
5. Prepare e- MOA in Form No.INC-33 and e-AOA in Form No.INC- 34. Sign and witness them digitally and file along
with SPICE+
6. Attach Web Form AGILE PRO ( INC-35) containing Application for registration for GSTIN,ESIC, EPFO, Professional Tax,
Opening of Bank Account
7. Attach To SPICE+ --Form No. INC-8( Compliance Declaration), INC-9 ( Subscribers Declaration), DIR-2 ( Directors
consent) ,Compliance Declaration by first directors
8. The particulars of subscribers like their names, addresess,ID proofs etc. and particulars of directors like their names,
addresses, IDs, interest in other companies etc. will be filled up in the relevant sections of SPICE +.
9. For verification of office address, file Form NO. INC-22 within 30 days of incorporation
10. ROC will examine the form and if finds it defective, inform the applicant and ask him to resubmit within 15 days. If
again on resubmission not satisfied, applicant must remove defects and resubmit again in 15 days. If ROC finds
everything in order, then Certificate of Incorporation in Form No. INC-11 is generated which will contain Name of
ON LINE REGISTRATION OF COMPANY (Using SPICE +)
ABBREVIATIONS USED
SPICE + - Simplified Proforma for Incorporating the Company Electronically
CIN- Corporate Identity Number
PAN- Permanent Account Number
TAN- Tax deduction Account Number
EPFO – Employees Provident Fund Organisation registration number
ESIC- Employees State Insurance Corporation registration number
DIN- Director Identification Number
GSTIN- Goods and Services Tax Identification number