Network protocol: HTTP, FTP,

PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3,

HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP
Computer network unit 3
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In communication, Protocol is a set of standard
rules that the communicating parties — the
sender, the receiver, and all other intermediate
devices need to follow.
the sender and receiver can be parts of different
networks, placed at different geographic locations.
Besides, the data transfer rates in different
networks can vary, requiring data to be sent in
different formats.
We need protocols for different reasons such as
flow control, access control, addressing, etc.
Figure shows that Computer A is sending data at the speed
of 1024 Mbps and computer B is receiving data at the
speed of 512 Mbps. In this case, Computer B must be able
to inform computer A about the speed mismatch so that
computer A can adjust its data transmission rate.
Otherwise some data will be lost.
 Flow control

Flow control is required when the sender and receiver have

different speeds of sending and receiving the data.
 Access control

Access control is required to decide which nodes in a communication channel will

access the link shared among them at a particular instant of time. Otherwise, the
transmitted data packets will collide if computers are sending data simultaneously
through the same link resulting in the loss or corruption of data.
 Protocols also define:
• how computers identify one another on a network.
• the form to which the data should be converted for
transit.
• how to decide whether the data received is for that
node or to be forwarded to another node.
• ensuring that all the data have reached the
destination without any loss.
• how to rearrange the packets and process them at the
destination
What are the
protocols required in
communication?
 ● HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)

protocols ● File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

● Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

Required in ● Simple Mail Transfer

communicatio Protocol (SMTP)

n
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
1. Hypertext refers to a document
that contains images or text that
can be linked to another
document or text.

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labore et dolore magna aliqua

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 HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer • Function: Used for transferring web
Protocol. It is the primary protocol used to pages and related resources over the
access the World Wide Web. Tim Berners- Internet.
Lee led the development of HTTP at CERN • Port: 80
in 1989 in collaboration with Internet • Usage: When you visit a website,
Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the HTTP is the protocol used to request
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). and receive web pages from servers.
• Example: Browsing a website like
www.example.com.
 For example, whenever we enter the URL
http// www.ncert.nic.in in a browser, it
sends HTTP request to the web-server
where ncert.nic.in is hosted. The HTTP
response from the web-server fetches and
sends the requested Web-page, which is
displayed on your browser.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• Function: Transfers files between a
client and a server on a network.
• Port: 21 (default)
• Usage: Used to upload or download
files from a server.
• Example: Uploading a website’s files
to a hosting server.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
• Function: Establishes a direct
connection between two network
nodes, commonly used for dial-up
connections.
• Usage: Used for connecting to the
Internet via a phone line or serial
connection.
• Example: Dial-up Internet
connections in the past.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
• Function: Sends and routes email
between servers.
• Port: 25
• Usage: Used by email servers to
send messages to other servers or
clients.
• Example: Sending an email from
user@example.com to
user2@example.com.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
• Function: A suite of protocols that
manage how data is transmitted
over the Internet.
• Usage: Ensures reliable, ordered,
and error-checked delivery of data
between devices.
• Example: The fundamental
protocols used for Internet
communication.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
• Function: Retrieves email from a
server to a client.
• Port: 110
• Usage: Used to download emails
from a mail server to an email client.
• Example: Accessing your email
through an email client like Outlook.
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Secure)
• Function: Secure version of HTTP,
encrypting data to ensure privacy
and security.
• Port: 443
• Usage: Used for secure
communication over the Internet,
such as online banking or shopping.
• Example: Accessing a secure
website like
https://www.example.com.
TELNET
• Function: Provides a command-line
interface for remote communication
with other systems.
• Port: 23
• Usage: Allows users to log in and
interact with remote servers or
devices.
• Example: Accessing a remote server
to run command-line operations.
TELNET
• Function: Provides a command-line
interface for remote communication
with other systems.
• Port: 23
• Usage: Allows users to log in and
interact with remote servers or
devices.
• Example: Accessing a remote server
to run command-line operations.
• HTTP: Transmits web pages and • TCP/IP: Manages data transmission
resources. over the Internet.
• FTP: Transfers files between client • POP3: Retrieves emails from a
and server. server.
• PPP: Connects two network nodes • HTTPS: Secure version of HTTP for
directly. encrypted communication.
• SMTP: Sends and routes email. • TELNET: Provides remote command-
line access.
• VoIP: Allows voice communication
over the Internet.
questions
● Define what a protocol is and explain
its importance in computer
communication.
• Understand what a protocol is and
why it is essential for computer
communication.
• Identify different types of protocols
and their specific purposes.