Introduction

to Computing
with MAC OS
1
INTRODUCTIO
N
CC 100, Introduction
Introduction to
Computing
￮ Computers are everywhere: at work, at
school, and at home. People use all types and
sizes of computers for a variety of reasons
and in a range of places. While some
computers sit on top of a desk or on the floor,
mobile computers and mobile devices are
small enough to carry. Mobile devices, such as
many cell phones, often are classified as
computers. 3
Introduction to
Computing
￮ In addition to sending simple notes, people
use computers to share photos, drawings,
documents, calendars, journals, music, and
videos. Through computers, society has
instant access to information from around the
globe.

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Introduction to
Computing
￮ From the computer, you can make a
telephone call, meet new friends, share
opinions or life stories, book flights, shop, fill
prescriptions, file taxes, take a course, receive
alerts, and automate your home..

5
Introduction to
Computing
￮ Banks place ATMs (automated teller
machines) all over the world, so that
customers can deposit and withdraw funds
anywhere at any time. At the grocery store, a
computer tracks purchases, calculates the
amount of money due, and often generates
coupons customized to buying patterns.

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Introduction to
Computing
￮ The early devices such as abacus and slide
rule cannot keep pace with his needs. The
progress of man from pebbles to PCs is a
great march in technological history of
mankind. Every human activity is becoming
increasingly information intensive.

7
Introduction to
Computing
￮ The history of computers dates back to the
age when man started using tools for
computations. The whole history of computing
can be divided into two periods based on the
technology used in computing devices such as
mechanical era and electronic era.

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 GENERATION
2 S OF
MODERN
COMPUTER
CC 100, Introduction
GENERATIONS OF
MODERN
COMPUTER
￮ For simplifying and providing a framework for
discussion of the growth of computer industry,
it is customary to break it into generations of
growth. Originally, the term 'generation’ was
used to distinguish between varying hardware
technologies.

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GENERATIONS OF
MODERN
COMPUTER
￮ The period of first generation was 1946-1959.
The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit).

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GENERATIONS OF
MODERN
COMPUTER
Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving hardware

First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube based

Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor based

Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit based

Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor based

Fifth generation The present and the future Artificial intelligence based
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First Generation
￮ The period of first generation was 1946-1959.
The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit).

13
First Generation
￮ These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot
of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of
the installations, therefore, were very
expensive and could be afforded only by very
large organizations.

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First Generation
￮ In this generation, mainly, batch processing
operating system were used. Punched cards,
paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as
input and output devices. Computers in this
generation used machine code as
programming language

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First Generation
￮ Some computers of this generation were:
￮ • ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer
￮ • EDVAC -Electronic Discrete Variable Computer
￮ • UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
￮ • IBM-701
￮ • IBM-650

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First Generation
￮ The main characteristics of first
generation of computers (1940s-1950s)
￮ Main electronic component – vacuum tube
￮ Main memory – magnetic drums and
magnetic tapes
￮ Programming language – machine language

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First Generation
￮ Power – consume a lot of electricity and
generate a lot of heat.
￮ Speed and size – very slow and very large in
size (often taking up entire room).
￮ Input/output devices – punched cards and
paper tape.

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First Generation
￮ Examples – ENIAC,
UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM
701, etc.
￮ Quantity – there were
about 100 different
vacuum tube computers
produced between 1942
and1963.
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Second Generation
￮ The period of second generation was 1959-
1965. In this generation, transistors were
used that were cheaper, consumed less
power, more compact in size, more reliable
and faster than the first generation
machines made of vacuum tubes.

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Second Generation
￮ In this generation, magnetic cores were
used as primary memory and magnetic tape
and magnetic disks as secondary storage
devices. In this generation, assembly
language and high-level programming
languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were
used. The computers used batch processing
and multiprogramming operating system.
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Second Generation
￮ Some computers of this generation were:
￮ • IBM 1620
￮ • IBM 7094
￮ • CDC 1604
￮ • CDC 3600
￮ • UNIVAC 1108

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Second Generation
￮ The main characteristics of second
generation of computers (1950s-1960s)
￮ Main electronic component – transistor
￮ Memory – magnetic core and magnetic
tape / disk
￮ Programming language – assembly
language
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Second Generation
￮ Power and size – low power consumption,
generated less heat, and smaller in size (in
comparison with the first generation
computers).
￮ Speed – improvement of speed and
reliability (in comparison with the first
generation computers).

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Second
Generation
￮ Input/output devices –
punched cards and
magnetic tape.
￮ Examples – IBM 1401,
IBM 7090 and 7094,
UNIVAC 1107, etc.

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Third Generation
￮ The period of third generation was 1965-
1971. The computers of third generation
used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of
transistors. A single IC has many transistors,
resistors and capacitors along with the
associated circuitry.

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Third Generation
￮ The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This
development made computers smaller in
size, reliable and efficient. In this
generation, remote processing, time-
sharing, multi-programming operating
system were used. High-level languages
(FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,
BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this
generation. 27
Third Generation
￮ Some computers of this generation were:
￮ • IBM-360 series
￮ • Honeywell-6000 series
￮ • PDP(Personal Data Processor)
￮ • IBM-370/168
￮ • TDC-316

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Third Generation
￮ The main characteristics of third
generation of computers (1960s-1970s)
￮ Main electronic component – integrated
circuits (ICs)
￮ Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic
tape / disk

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Third Generation
￮ Programming language – high level
language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL,
C, etc.)
￮ Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient
than second generation computers (they
were called minicomputers).

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Third
Generation
￮ Speed – improvement of speed
and reliability (in comparison
with the second generation
computers).
￮ Input / output devices –
magnetic tape, keyboard,
monitor, printer, etc.
￮ Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370,
PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

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Fourth Generation
￮ The period of fourth generation was 1971-
1980. The computers of fourth generation
used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements and
their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of
fourth generation.
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Fourth Generation
￮ Fourth generation computers became more
powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
As a result, it gave rise to personal
computer (PC) revolution. In this generation,
time sharing, real time, networks and
distributed operating system were used. All
the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE
etc. were used in this generation.
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Fourth Generation
￮ Some computers of this generation were:
￮ • DEC 10
￮ • STAR 1000
￮ • PDP 11
￮ • CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
￮ • CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

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Fourth Generation
￮ The main characteristics of fourth
generation of computers (1970s-
present)
￮ Main electronic component – very large-
scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.
￮ VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single
microchip.

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Fourth Generation
￮ Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM,
etc.)
￮ RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data
storage (memory element) used in computers that
temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its
contents are lost when the computer is turned off).
￮ ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage
used in computers that permanently stores data
and programs (non-volatile: its contents are
retained even when the computer is turned off).
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Fourth Generation
￮ Programming language – high level language (Python,
C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.).
￮ A mix of both third- and fourth-
generation languages
￮ Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third
generation computers.
￮ Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability
(in comparison with the third generation computers).

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Fourth
Generation
￮ Input / output devices –
keyboard, pointing devices,
optical scanning, monitor,
printer, etc.
￮ Network – a group of two or
more computer systems linked
together.
￮ Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000,
APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.

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Fifth Generation
￮ The period of fifth generation is 1980-till
date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the
production of microprocessor chips having
ten million electronic components.

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Fifth Generation
￮ This generation is based on parallel
processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging
branch in computer science, which
interprets means and method of making
computers think like human beings. All the
high-level languages like C and C++,
Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.
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Fifth Generation
￮ AlI includes:
￮ • Robotics
￮ • Neural networks
￮ • Game Playing
￮ • Development of expert systems to make
decisions in real life situations.
￮ • Natural language understanding and
generation. 41
Fifth Generation
￮ Some computer types of this generation are:
• Desktop
￮ • Laptop x
￮ • Notebook
￮ • Ultra Book
￮ • Chrome Book

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Fifth Generation
￮ The main characteristics of fifth
generation of computers (the present
and the future)
￮ Main electronic component: based on
artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-
Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and
parallel processing method.

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Fifth Generation
￮ ULSI – millions of transistors on a single
microchip
￮ Parallel processing method – use two
or more microprocessors to run tasks
simultaneously.
￮ Language – understand natural language
(human language).

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Fifth Generation
￮ Power – consume less power and generate
less heat.
￮ Speed – remarkable improvement of speed,
accuracy and reliability (in comparison with
the fourth generation computers).
￮ Size – portable and small in size, and have a
huge storage capacity.

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Fifth Generation
￮ Input / output device – keyboard, monitor,
mouse, trackpad (or touchpad),
touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognise
voice / speech), light scanner, printer, etc.
￮ Example – desktops, laptops, tablets,
smartphones, etc.

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Fifth Generation
￮ The computer – this
amazing technology went
from a
government/business-
only technology to being
everywhere from people’s
homes, work places, to
people’s pockets in less
than 100 years. 47
3
DIGITAL
REVOLUTION
CC 100, Introduction
Digital Revolution
￮ What Does Digital Revolution Mean?
￮ The Digital Revolution refers to the advancement
of technology from analog electronic and
mechanical devices to the digital technology
available today. The era started to during the
1980s and is on-going.
￮ The Digital Revolution also marks the beginning
of the Information Era.
￮ The Digital Revolution is sometimes also called
the Third Industrial Revolution.
49
Digital Revolution
￮ The digital revolution is an on-going process
of social, political and economic change
brought about by digital technology, such as
computer and internet. Technology driving
the digital revolution is based on digital
electronics and the idea that electrical
signals can represents data, such as
numbers, words, pictures and music.
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Digital Revolution
￮ Without digital electronics, computers would
be huge machine. Digitization is the process
of converting text, numbers, sound, photos
and video into data that can be processed
by digital devices.

51
Digital Revolution
￮ The digital revolution has evolved through
four phases, beginning with big, expensive,
standalone computers a progressing to
today’s digital world in which small,
inexpensive digital devices are everywhere.

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Digital Revolution
￮ The development and advancement of
digital technologies started with one
fundamental idea: The Internet. Here is a
brief timeline of how the Digital Revolution
progressed:

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Digital Revolution
￮ 1947-1979 - The transistor, which was
introduced in 1947, paved the way for the
development of advanced digital computers.
The government, military and other
organizations made use of computer
systems during the 1950s and 1960s. This
research eventually led to the creation of
the World Wide Web.
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Digital Revolution
￮ 1990s - By 1992, the World Wide Web had
been introduced, and by 1996 the Internet
became a normal part of most business
operations. By the late 1990s, the Internet
became a part of everyday life for almost
half of the American population.

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Digital Revolution
￮ 2000s - By this decade, the Digital
Revolution had begun to spread all over the
developing world; mobile phones were
commonly seen, the number of Internet
users continued to grow, and the television
started to transition from using analog to
digital signals.

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Digital Revolution
￮ 2010 and beyond - By this decade, Internet
makes up more than 25 percent of the
world's population. Mobile communication
has also become very important, as nearly
70 percent of the world's population owns a
mobile phone.

57
Digital Revolution
￮ The connection between Internet websites
and mobile gadgets has become a standard
in communication. It is predicted that by
2015, the innovation of tablet computers will
far surpass personal computers with the use
of the Internet and the promise of cloud
computing services..

58
Digital Revolution
￮ This will allow users to consume media and
use business applications on their mobile
devices, applications that would would
otherwise be too much for such devices to
handle.

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 Phases of
4 Digital
Revolutio
n
CC 100, Introduction
Phases of Digital
Revolution
￮ Data processing
￮ EDP (Electronic Data Processing)
￮ Personal Computing
￮ Network Computing
￮ Cloud computing

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Phase 1
Data Processing
￮ Data processing is based on an input-
processing-output cycle. Data goes in the
computer to get processed before output.

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Phase 1
Data Processing
￮ The first digital computer was built by
engineers during WWII for breaking codes
and tracking missiles but to some, the
1980s marks the beginning of the digital
revolution. The main technology used during
the data processing era was
called centralized computing.

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Phase 1
Data Processing
￮ Centralized computing is a method of
computing in which the main computer
holds all data and handles all processing.
Before centralized computing, computers
use a user interface mechanism for
entering and viewing data. The main
computer was separated from input and
output.
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Phase 1
Data Processing
￮ After the disadvantages of the user
interface computer terminals were
introduced with access to keyboards and
display screens. During this phase is when
digital revolution transformed from
organizations to ordinary people.

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Phase 2
Personal
Computing
￮ Personal computing is independent
computers powered by local software. Local
software is any software installed on a
computer’s storage device. During the
personal computing era, local software was
stored on floppy disks.

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Phase 2
Personal
Computing
￮ As of today, local software is stored on hard
disks, solid-state drives, and flash drives.
Computers were used to enhance
productivity. Examples of computer-based
activities that got popular were writing,
gathering numbers into charts, and
scheduling. Video game machines emerged
as entertainment devices that drove the
gaming industry to a new level. 67
Phase 3
Network
Computing
￮ Network computing is when computers
became networked and when the Internet
opened for public use. A group of computers
linked together to share data and resources
is called a computer network. Before the
Internet got popular network technology
only existed within schools or businesses
and wireless networks were not available.
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Phase 3
Network
Computing
￮ In the early 1990s restrictions on
commercial use of the Internet were lifted.
The Internet is a global computer network.
The Internet was originally used for military
projects but then passed on for research and
academic use to the National Science
Foundation. Internet-based chat and web
access are now available to everyone.
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Phase 3
Network
Computing
￮ The World Wide Web is also known for
the Web is a collection of linked documents,
graphics, and audio that is available over
the Internet. The Web adds content like an
online storefront, auction sites, news, sports,
travel reservations, and music downloads.
From 1995 to 2010, the emergence of
laptops characterized computing.
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Phase 3
Network
Computing
￮ Sophisticated software such as Microsoft
office Norton’s Internet Security Suite, and
Corel Digital Studio peak for productivity
software.
￮ Stationary internet access where the
internet requires a cable. Not wireless.

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Phase 3
Network
Computing
￮ Online communication like email was the
first technology used to communicate over
the Internet.
￮ Multiplayer games’ audio and visual
hardware components improve to support a
realistic game environment.

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Phase 3
Network
Computing
￮ Music downloads an
online business whose
service is downloading
music which played
through their computer
speaker. iTunes was one
of the legal services
provided at that time.
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Phase 4
Cloud Computing
￮ Around 2010 a new phase called Cloud
Computing emerged which provides access
to information, application, communications,
and storage over the Internet. In the prior
information age, most computers ran
software locally. For example installing or
storing software, data, email, documents,
photos, and music on a computer’s hard
disk or flash drive. 74
Phase 4
Cloud Computing
￮ With cloud computing, users can use
browsers to access applications that run
over the Internet. Online applications can
manage your emails and other activities.
The cloud is used to store data making it
available on digital devices that connect to
the Internet.

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Phase 4
Cloud Computing
￮ Convergence is a process by which
technologies with similarity form to build a
product. Convergence is important to the
digital revolution because it created the
demand for mobile devices to have the
same features as desktop computers.

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Phase 4
Cloud Computing
￮ The cloud offers a place to store data and
applications; making it useful for
smartphones that have limited space for
storing data and apps.
￮ Web 2.0 is user-created content and the
grassroots of the Web. The Web expanded
into a global hub directed by Facebook,
Twitter, and Google Apps.
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Phase 4
Cloud Computing
￮ Social media are digital applications for
communication, social interaction, and
consumer products. Simple and easy to use.
￮ Lack of privacy and advertisement may be
the defining complication of cloud
computing.

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Phase 4
Cloud Computing
￮ Cloud-based services are part of
the sharing economy such as Uber, and
Airbnb. Sharing economy is when a
consumer offers goods and services through
a digital platform. They use the cloud to
communicate and share data.

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Phase 5
Ubiquitous
Computing
￮ Ubiquitous computing is manipulating
real-world objects instead of data. This is
where virtual reality, the Internet of Things,
and automated vehicles shape the new
digital era.

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Phase 5
Ubiquitous
Computing
￮ Virtual reality is a simulated three-
dimensional world created by technology.
Today we have technology like a VR headset
that gives users an impression of a three-
dimensional environment.

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Phase 5
Ubiquitous
Computing
￮ Augmented reality is an overlay of data
over the real world. For example Pokemon
Go.
￮ The Internet of Things (IoT) connects
sensors, clothing, and other product to the
internet. They can report data and receive
commands. The IoT connects multiple
devices so they can communicate with each
other. 82
Phase 5
Ubiquitous
Computing
￮ Autonomous vehicles are navigated
without human involvement. Sensors play a
major part in detecting the surrounding
environment, location, speed, and other
parameters. The sensors send data and
receive commands from artificial
intelligence software.

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Activty
Time

84
Thanks
!
Any questions?

85
Thanks
!
Any questions?
You can find me at
￮ @username
￮ user@mail.me

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