Electronics
(7 Credits)
Theory (100 Marks) 3 Credits Practical (100 Marks) 3Credits
Internal Assessment End Semester Examination Internal Assessment End Semester
(40 Marks) (60 Marks) (40 Marks) Examination
(60 Marks)
Electronics
Books
• Electronics: Principles and Applications by A. P.
Malvino, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Integrated Electronics by Milliman & Halkias, Tata
McGraw Hill.
• Solid state electronic devices by B. G. Streetman and
S. K. Banerjee, Prantice Hall of India Ltd.
• Op-Amps and Linear IC’S by R. A. Gayakwad, Pearson
Education.
• Electronic Communication by G. Kennedy, Tata
McGraw-Hill
Electronics
Electronics
Electronics is that branch of Science or
Engineering in which we deal with current
conduction through semiconductors or
vacuum.
Electronic Devices: Computer, Laptop, TV,
Radio, Music System, Disk Players,
Calculator, Mobile phone etc.
Electrical Devices: Fan, Tubelight, Bulb
(Filament based), Motor, Cooler, Heater etc.
Electronic Components
Examples: Diode, Transistor, Diode Valve,
Triode Valve etc.
Electrical Components
Examples: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor
etc.
Identify Electrical and Electronic
Circuits
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
Circuit 3
Circuit 4
Circuit 5
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem states that any two
terminal linear network containing voltage
source and resistances can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit containing a voltage source
VTH in series with a resistance RTH. The value of
VTH is the open circuit voltage between the
output terminals of the network and R TH is the
resistance measured between the output
terminals of the network with all the voltage
sources eliminated (i.e. replaced by their
internal resistances) .
Original Circuit
Step 1: Remove RL
Step 2: Find VTH
Step 3: Remove battery (replace it by its internal
resistance or wire (i.e. short circuit)) and then find R TH
Step 4: Draw Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Step 5: Connect Thevenin’s equivalent circuit to
load resistance RL
Equivalence of circuits
=
Example
Find the Thevenin’s equivalent network of the
two terminal network shown in figure.
Solution
Advantages:- Number of components reduced
Size reduced
Weight reduced
Cost reduced
Power consumption reduced
Example
Using Thevenin’s theorem, calculate the
current through RL in the given circuit.
Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s theorem states that a linear bilateral
two terminal network containing voltage source
and resistances may be replaced by an
equivalent current source IN which is in parallel
with a resistance RN. The current IN is equal to
the current which would flow in a short circuit
placed across the output terminals and parallel
resistance is the resistance of the network when
viewed from these open circuited terminals
after all voltage sources have been removed and
replaced by their internal resistances.
Original Circuit
Step 1: Remove RL
Step 2: Find IN
Step 3: Remove battery (replace it by its internal
resistance or wire (i.e. short circuit)) and then find RN
Step 4: Draw Norton’s equivalent circuit
Step 5: Connect Norton’s equivalent circuit to
load resistance RL
Equivalence of circuits
=
=
=
Example
Convert the following linear network into
Norton’s equivalent network.
Example
Convert the following linear network into
Norton’s equivalent network.
Source Conversion
• A given voltage source with a series resistance
can be converted into an equivalent current
source with a parallel resistance.
Example
• Conversely, a current source with a parallel
resistance can be converted into a voltage
source with a series resistance.
Example
Find the equivalent voltage source for the
current source in figure.
High Pass RC Network
A High pass filter circuit passes signals above the
selected cut off frequency, eliminating any low
frequency signals from the input.
High Pass RC Circuit as a differentiator
Response to Sinusoidal input
• Since Xc=1/ωC or Xc=1/2πfC
• At low frequencies, capacitive reactance will
be high. So, output signal amplitude will be
low. Hence, output input ratio (A) will be low
• At mid and high frequencies, capacitive
reactance will be low. So, output signal
amplitude will be high. Hence, output input
ratio (A) will be high.
Response to Step input
• Initially capacitor charges fig. (a)
• Then discharges fig. (b)
Response to Pulse input
• Initially capacitor charges
• Then discharges
• Thereafter, capacitor charges in opposite
direction
• Then discharges
Response to Square input
• Square wave is repetition of pulses
• So, pulse response is continuously repeated in
case of a square wave
Response to Exponential Input
• Capacitor exponentially charges
• Then discharges
Response to Ramp input
• Capacitor charges upto maximum value then it
starts discharging
Low Pass RC Network
The low pass filter allows only low frequency
signals to pass through while blocking those
any higher.
Low Pass RC circuit as an Integrator
Response to Sinusoidal Input
• Since Xc=1/ωC or Xc=1/2πfC
• At low frequencies, capacitive reactance will be
high. So, capacitor will act as open circuit. Whole
input signal will appear across output. Hence,
output input ratio (A) will be 1.
• At mid and high frequencies, capacitive reactance
will be low. So, capacitor will acts as a short circuit.
Input signal will be shorted and passed to the
input. Hence, output will be low and output input
ratio (A) will be low.
Response to Step input
• Capacitor will fall in parallel to the signal
source
• It will be continuously charged from the signal
source.
Response to Pulse input
• Initially capacitor charges
• Then, it discharges when supply signal
reverses its direction
Response to Square wave
• Square wave is a repetition of pulses
• So, pulse response is continuously repeated in
case of a square wave
Response to Exponential Input
• Capacitor exponentially charges
• It remains continuously charged during the
positive half cycle
Response to Ramp input
• Capacitor exponentially charges
• It remains continuously charged during the
positive half cycle
