BS (COMPUTER SCIENCE) PROGRAM

BS (SOFTWARE ENGINEERING)
PROGRAM

Database Systems (DBS)

 STAFF
 Theory Instructor: Afzal Hussain
(MCS, MSE, CISA , ITIL, COBIT)
 Senior Faculty Room (Ground Floor),
afzal.hussain@hamdard.edu.pk
 Consultancy Hours: Refer to timetable in the Staff
Room

 Lab Instructor: Mrs. Muntaha

 TEXT BOOKS
Main textbook:
 Database Systems: The Complete Book, Hector
Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey Ullman, Jennifer Widom

Almost identical:
 A First Course in Database Systems, Jeff Ullman
and Jennifer Widom
 Database Implementation, Hector Garcia-Molina,
Jeff Ullman and Jennifer Widom
 OTHER BOOKS
 DatabaseManagement Systems,
Ramakrishnan
 very comprehensive
 Fundamentals of Database Systems,
Elmasri, Navathe
 very widely used
 Foundations of Databases, Abiteboul, Hull,
Vianu
 Mostly theory of databases
COURSE ASSESSMENTS

 Final Exam = 50
 Midterm Exam = 30
 Quiz = 10
 Assignment = 10
 Tutorials and Class based Work (For Improved

Grade)
 WHAT YOU NEED TO DO
 Attend the lectures! (ALSs)
 Ask any question you like during the

lectures (or during my office hours)

 Don’t be scared to ask questions or

contribute with your comments

 Work harmoniously for the group

project
 Pass this course with a good grade!
 LESSON 1
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

LESSON OBJECTIVES
 Understand and define basic terminologies associated with

database (file, record, field, primary key, relationship)

 Define the differences (by giving examples): Data and information

 Know the difference between a file processing approach and a

database approach;
 Know the disadvantages of file processing / manual system

 Databases advantages and disadvantages

 Identify and explain the components of database environment.

 Database designer and database administrator

 Database Development Life Cycle (DDLC)

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
 Data are facts - people, objects or events.
 Information- processed and presented in a
form suitable for human interpretation, often
with the purpose of revealing trends or
patterns.
 Process
involves acquisition, storage,
manipulation, retrieval and distribution.
 DATA VS. INFORMATION

 Data – a collection of facts made up of text,

numbers and dates:
Kiki 35000 7/18/86

 Information - the meaning given to data in the

way it is interpreted:
Mr. Kiki is a sales person whose annual salary is $35,000 and
whose hire date is July 18, 1986.
 WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE PURPOSE OF A
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

Is to transform

Data Information Knowledge Action

Data driven decision making

 WHAT IS A DATABASE?

A structured collection of related data

An filing cabinet, an address book, a
telephone directory, a timetable, etc.

Google and your email is a database

School Student Information System
 WHAT IS A DATABASE?

DATABASE
A database is a share
FILES
collection of logically
related data, designed
record 1
to
record 2
record 3
record 4
DATA meet the information
:::::::
needs of multiple users
in an organization.
 EXAMPLES OF DATABASE
APPLICATIONS
 Purchases from the supermarket (http://www.tesco.com/)
 Purchases using your credit card (http://www.amazon.com)
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
(http://www.expedia.com)
 Buying ticket (http://www.airasia.com)
 Using the local library (http://www.psz.utm.my)
 Property management (http://www.rightmove.co.uk)
 Banking transaction (http://www.maybank2u.com.my)
 TYPES OF DATABASES

Single-user:
Supports only one user at a time
Desktop:
Single-user database running on a personal computer
Multi-user:
Supports multiple users at the same time

BCO
MP1
203
TYPES OF DATABASES

Workgroup:

15
Multi-user database that supports a small group of

DATABASE SYSTEMS
users or a single department
Enterprise:
Multi-user database that supports a large group of
users or an entire organization

BCO
MP1
203
 TYPES OF DATABASES (CONTINUED)

Can be classified by location:

16
Centralized:

DATABASE SYSTEMS
Supports data located at a single site
Distributed:
Supports data distributed across several sites

BCO
MP1
203
TYPES OF DATABASES (CONTINUED)

Can be classified by use:

17
Transactional (or production):

DATABASE SYSTEMS
Supports a company’s day-to-day operations
Data warehouse:
Stores data used to generate information required to
make tactical or strategic decisions
Often used to store historical data
Structure is quite different

BCO
MP1
203
WHY DATABASE DESIGN IS
IMPORTANT
Defines the database’s expected use

18
Different approach needed for different types of

DATABASE SYSTEMS
databases
Avoid redundant data
Poorly designed database generates errors  leads
to bad decisions  can lead to failure of
organization

BCO
MP1
203
 BASIC DATABASE CONCEPTS
 Table Name: Kiki Lala
– A set of related records College: KIGS
Tel: 2238701
 Record
– A collection of data Name: Kiki Lala
College: KIGS
about an individual item Tel: 2238701
 Field
Name: Kiki Lala
– A single item of data
common to all records
 AN EXAMPLE OF A TABLE

Fields

Records
Student ID FirstName LastName Course
44-0986 Edmond Kevinsean HNDC
12-2365 Cyril Minjohn HNDBM
11-1234 Cynthia Dominic PNDCS
 PRIMARY KEYS & FOREIGN
KEYS
Student ID FirstName LastName Course
44-0986 Edmond Kevinsean HNDC
12-2365 Cyril Minjohn HNDBM
11-1234 Cynthia Dominic PNDCS

To ensure that each record is unique in each table, we can

set one field to be a Primary Key field.
A Primary Key is a field that that will contain no duplicates
and no blank values.
Foreign Keys link to data in other tables
 WHAT IS A RELATIONAL DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDMS)?
A relational database is a collection of tables from
which data can be accessed in many different
ways without having to reorganize the database
tables.

DON’T DUPLICATE DATA


That is, once relationships are created, tables can “talk”
to each other. We can link (relate) the tables to find:

Which students taking what courses?

Which students are in which subjects?

Which subjects are under the programme?
Relationships
DATABASE OPTIONS

Consumer Enterprise RDMS

 Flat Files  Oracle

 Microsoft Excel  IBM/DB2

- Limit of 65,536 Rows  MS SQL-server

 Microsoft Access  Sybase
 FileMaker Pro  Informix
 MySQL (Open Source)  Lotus Notes
 Postgres (Open Source)  MySQL (Open Source)
 Postgres (Open Source)
 INPUT DATA WITH FORMS
 A friendlier view of the database
 Used for data input, menus, display and printing
 Can perform Calculations and Combine fields
DATABASES AND THE WEB
 Accessing databases through web forms
 Java programming interface (JDBC)
 Embedding into HTML pages (JSP or ASP)
 Access through http protocol (Web Services)
 Using Web document formats for data definition

and manipulation
 XML, XML databases and messaging systems
 QUERIES
 A means of asking questions (querying) of your data
 Can look across a number of Tables and other Queries

 Can perform Calculations and Combine fields

 SQL
 Structured Query Language (SQL) is used for relational
database “programming.”

 it is alleged that SQL is the most commonly used

programming language in the world

 SQL is essentially divided into two sublanguages

 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Data Definition Language (DDL)

 SELECT "column_name" FROM "table_name"

 SELECT
 SELECT F2Q2B, Count(*) AS TOTAL FROM FORM2 GROUP BY F2Q2B
 select F2Q3, F2Q3T from form2 ORDER BY F2Q3
 INTRODUCING REPORTS
 Output of information in a printed report
 Allows you to group and summarize data

 Can perform calculations and combine fields

 Cannot Edit Data

 Can Make Labels

 DESIGN OF DATABASE:
CENTRALIZED DATABASE
 All data are located at a single site.
 Advantage - provide greater control over
accessing and updating data.
 Disadvantage - vulnerable to failure
 Examples:Personal Computer Database,
Central Computer Database, Client/Server
Databases
 DESIGN OF DATABASE: DISTRIBUTED
DATABASE
A single logical database - spread physically
across computers in multiple locations.
 Can be Homogeneous or Heterogeneous

 Homogeneous:
 OS used at each location same or highly compatible.
 The data models used at each location are the same.
 The DBMS used at each location are the same or highly
compatible.
 The data at the various locations have common
definitions and formats.
 Heterogenous
 Different computers, OS, data models, DBMS may be
possible
 2 APPROACHES IN
KEEPING DATA

1. Traditional file processing

2. Database
 FILE PROCESSING
APPROACH
A traditional approach to information
system design.
 Focuses on the data processing
needs of individual departments in
the organization.
 Example: KIGS office, Library
FILE PROCESSING
APPROACH
Disadvantages
 Uncontrolled Redundancy

 Inconsistent Data

 Inflexibility

 Limited Data Sharing

 Poor Enforcement of Standards

 Excessive Program Maintenance

 DATABASE APPROACH
Benefits Costs
 Minimal Data  New, Specialized

Redundancy Personnel
 Consistency of Data  Need for Explicit Backup

 Integration of Data  Interference with Shared

 Sharing of Data Data

 Ease of Application  Organizational Conflict

Development
 Components of the Database Environment

Data System End

administrators developers users

User Application
interface programs

Repository DBMS Database

DATA & DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
Sometimes, data are not fully utilized. Why?
 Multiple definition – making linking different

 Missing key data elements – existing data useless

 Not knowing

 What data to exist?

 Where to find them?
 What they really mean?
DATA & DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
What is a data administration?
 High level function
 Overall management of data resources in an
organization
 Maintaining corporate-wide definitions and
standards

What is a database administration?

 Technicalfunction
 Responsible for:
 physical database design
 security enforcement (user and password)
 database performance
 backup and recovery
 THE
DUTIES
 Authorizing access to the database
Database
 Coordinating and monitoring its
Designer
use
 Acquiring software and hardware
 Accountable for problems
 security breach
 poor response time
 Identify data to be stored

 Choosing appropriate structures to

represent and store this data

Database  Communicate to database users
Administrato  Understand requirements
r  Develop designs that meet

requirements
TWO APPROACHES TO DATABASE
DEVELOPMENT
 SDLC
 System Development Life Cycle
 Detailed, well-planned development process

40
 Time-consuming, but comprehensive
 Long development cycle
 Prototyping
 Rapid application development (RAD)
 Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling.
 Define database during development of initial
prototype
 Repeat implementation and maintenance activities
with new prototype versions
SDLC
 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Project Identification
and Selection

Project Initiation
and Planning

Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Implementation

Maintenance
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(CONT.)

Project
Project Identification
Identification
and
and Selection
Selection Purpose --preliminary understanding

43
Deliverable –request for project
Project Initiation
and Planning

Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity –
Implementation
enterprise modeling
Maintenance
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(CONT.)

Project Identification
and Selection Purpose – state business situation and solution

44
Deliverable – request for analysis
Project
Project Initiation
Initiation
and
and Planning
Planning

Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity –
Implementation
conceptual data modeling
Maintenance
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(CONT.)

Project Identification
and Selection Purpose – thorough analysis

45
Project Initiation
Deliverable – functional system specifications
and Planning

Analysis
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity –
Implementation
conceptual data modeling
Maintenance
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(CONT.)
Project Identification
and Selection
Purpose – information requirements structure
Deliverable – detailed design specifications

46
Project Initiation
and Planning

Analysis

Logical
Logical Design
Design

Physical Design

Database activity –
Implementation
logical database design
Maintenance
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(CONT.)

Project Identification Purpose – develop technology specs

and Selection
Deliverable – program/data

47
Project Initiation structures, technology purchases,
and Planning
organization redesigns
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical
Physical Design
Design

Database activity –
Implementation
physical database design
Maintenance
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(CONT.)

Project Identification Purpose – programming, testing, training,

and Selection installation, documenting

48
Project Initiation Deliverable – operational programs,
and Planning documentation, training materials
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity –
Implementation
Implementation
database implementation
Maintenance
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(CONT.)

Project Identification
and Selection Purpose – monitor, repair, enhance

49
Deliverable – periodic audits
Project Initiation
and Planning

Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Database activity –
Implementation
database maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance
Prototyping
The prototyping methodology and database development process

51
The prototyping methodology and database development process

52
The prototyping methodology and database development process

53
The prototyping methodology and database development process

54
The prototyping methodology and database development process

55