U21CSG01

Problem Solving and C

Programming
 Syllabus
2

Computational Thinking Computational Thinking - Modern Computer - Information

based Problem solving - Real world information and Computable Data - Data types and data
Unit I encoding - Number Systems - Introduction to programming languages - Basics of C
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programming - variables- data types - keywords - C program structure - simple programs in C
Algorithmic Approach Logic - Boolean Logic -Applications of Propositional logic - Problem
Definition - Logical Reasoning and Algorithmic thinking - Pseudo code and Flow chart -
Unit II Constituents of algorithms - Sequence, Selection and Repetition - Problem understanding and 6
analysis - Control structures in C - Algorithm design and implementation using control
structures
Searching, Sorting and Modularization Data Organization - Arrays - Introduction to
Searching and Sorting - Linear Search, Binary Search - Basic sorting techniques - Two
Unit
dimensional arrays - Matrix manipulation - Modularization - Functions - Function prototype 6
III -function definition -function call - Built-in functions (string functions and math functions) –
Recursion
Structures and Pointers Pointers - Pointer operators - Pointer arithmetic - Arrays and
Unit pointers -Array of pointers – Example Program - Sorting of names - Parameter passing - Pass
by value - Pass by reference – Structure - Nested structures - Pointer and Structures - Array
6
IV
of structures - Example Ptogram using structures and pointers – Unions
Files Files - Types of file processing - Sequential access - Random access - Sequential
Unit access file - Example Program - Finding average of numbers stored in sequential access
 Text Book & References
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TEXT BOOKS:
1. David D. Railey and Kenny A.Hunt , "Computational Thinking for Modern problem Solver'', 1 st

edition, CRC Press, 2014.

2. Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie," The C Programming Language", 2nd edition,
Pearson, 2015

REFERENCES:
3. Paolo Ferragina and Fabrizio Luccio, "Computational Thinking First Algorithms", Then Code",
1st edition.Springer International Publishing, 2018
4. Reema Thareja, "Programming in C", 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2016
5. Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel, "C How to Program", 7th edition, Pearson Publication
6. Juneja, B. L and Anita Seth, "Programming in C", 1st edition, Cengage Learning India
Pvt. Ltd., 2011
7. Pradip Dey, Manas Ghosh, "Fundamentals of Computing and Programming in C", 1st
edition, Oxford University Press, 2009

Credit : 3 ( 3 hrs theory + 2 hrs Lab)

 Mode of Evaluation
4

 CAT 1 – 20%
 CAT 2 – 20%
 A – 20%
 Lab – 25% (OR) 20%
 Quiz/Project – 15% (OR) 20%
 Total = 100
 Computer Generations
5

 First Generation
 Second Generation
 Third Generation
 Fourth Generation
 Fifth Generation
 First Generation Computers
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 The period 1940 to 1956

 The first generation computers were developed by using
vacuum tube or thermionic valve machine.
 Second Generation Computers
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 The period 1956 to 1963

 The second generation computers were developed by
using transistor technology.
 Third Generation Computers
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 The period 1963 to 1971

 The third generation computers were developed by using
the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology.
 Fourth Generation Computers
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 The period 1972 to 2010

 The fourth generation computers were developed by
using microprocessor technology.
 Fifth Generation Computers
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 The period 2010 to till date and beyond

 Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth
generation include Artificial intelligence
 Types of Computer
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Based on SIZE:
 Supercomputer

 Mainframe computer

 Minicomputer

 PC (Personal Computer)
 Types of Computer
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Based on DATA HANDLING:

 Analogue computer

 Digital computer

 Hybrid computer
Roadmap
1 Computational
Thinking
Data types
and data
2
encoding
3 Number
Systems

Introduction to 4
Programming Languages
5 C
Programming
 Getting Started…
● Computational Thinking is a problem solving process that includes a number of
characteristics and dispositions.
● The best way to characterize computational thinking is as the way that computer
scientists think, the manner in which they reason.
● Essential to the development of computer applications, but it can also be used to
support problem solving across all disciplines, including math, science, and the
humanities.
● It is not possible to explore everything that is known to computer science. So we
have selected computer science concepts, techniques, and methods that have the
widest utility to those individuals who most likely will not be computer scientists.
● In other words, this is written to capture how computer scientists think for the
rest of us.
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 From Abacus to Machine…

Abacus Napier’s bones Pascaline Leibniz’ calculator

China Scottish mathematician Frenchman German mathematician
John Napier Blaise Pascal Gottfried Leibniz
1617 1643 1674.
Concepts from abacus to
Modern Computers….
1. Storage
2. Representation
3. Calculation
4. User interface
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Computational Thinking
● The process of formulating
and solving problems by
breaking them down into
simple steps.
● It’s a powerful problem-
solving technique that
equips to solve complex
problems in the modern
world.

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Computational Thinking

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 2. Modern Computers
● A modern computer is an integrated system including machine hardware, an
instruction set, system software, application programs, and user interfaces.

● Modern computer requires the three properties of this calculating device:

o It must be electronic and not exclusively mechanical.
o It must be digital and not an analog.
o It must employ the stored program concept.
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Modern Computers
A system is a group of
integrated parts, which have
the common purpose of
achieving some objectives.
Some properties of system
are
• Input Device
• Output Device
• Memory
• Processor 20
Input Devices
o An input device provides a way to get data into the computer.
o Keyboard, Mouse, Track pads, and Microphones.
o Smartphones and tablet computers use the surface of the LCD as an input
device.
o Keyboard which accepts letters, numbers and commands as input from the
user and Mouse is used to select options from on-screen menus.

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Output Devices
o Output devices provide ways for the computer to share the results of its
computation with the user.
o On personal computers the most common output device is the computer
display.
o Other output devices include printers and speakers.
o Together, input devices and output devices provide the computer hardware
that supports the user interface.
o Some types of hardware can act as both input and output devices. A touch
screen is a type of monitor that displays text or icons you can touch.
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Memory
o Memory is like an electronic scratch pad inside the computer.
o The point is that computer memories today are used for two things:
(1) they store data
(2) they store the instructions that process that data.
o Data used by the program is also loaded into memory for fast access.
o The stored program concept also requires circuitry for the computer to
transfer instructions from memory to the processor so that they can be
executed.
o The most common type of memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM).
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Processor
o The procedure that transforms raw data into information is called processor.
o The processor is like the brain of the computer; it organizes and carries out
instructions that come from either the user or the software.
o In a personal computer, the processor usually consists of one or more
microprocessors (sometimes called chips).
o The motherboard is a rigid rectangular card containing the circuitry that
connects the processor to the other hardware.
o The term central processing unit (CPU) refers to a computer’s processor.

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Computer Generations - Timeline

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 The First Modern Computer
● Two researchers from the University of
Pennsylvania John Mauchly
(a physicist), and Peter Eckert
(an electrical engineer) conducted a
project that completed the first
electronic computer ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer)
for the US Army in 1946.
● It was a calculating device that run on
electricity and was digital.

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 The First Modern Computer
● In 1937–1938 two physicists John Atanasoff and
Chuck Berry at Iowa State University built a
machine ABC Computer.
● ABC Computer may not truly qualify as the first
modern computer, because it failed to use the
stored program concept, nor was it truly
programmable for general purposes, as it was
only designed to solve systems of linear
equations. Still, the ABC Computer is considered
to be first in three important ways:
● The first fully electronic and programmable
calculator
● The first to incorporate an electronic memory
● The first to use binary numbers

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 The First Modern Computer
● A German engineer, named Konrad Zuse, is
sometimes credited with creating the first
general-purpose electronic digital computer
Z4 built in 1945.
● Z4 was also the world’s first commercial
digital computer.
● Like ABC Computer, Z4 did not use the stored
program concept.
● Zuse is also well known as the creator of a
programming language, known as Plankakul,
that became the forerunner of a family of
programming languages that dominated
software development in Europe for more
than two decades.
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