Well Log Analysis.
CIT-ChE
Density-log
Contents
1. Introduction 2. Density Log Principle 3. Compensated Density Log Tool 4. Density Porosity
Introduction
bulk density, b is used as the primary porosity indicator. Density is used with other log measurements to determine Lithology and fluid type, and with sonic velocity in seismic data interpretation.
Formation
Presentations and Scales
Formation bulk density, b, is presented in tracks 2 and 3 on a linear scale. The most frequently used scales for b are 2.0 to 3.0 g/cm3 or 1.95 to 2.95 g/ cm3.
Density Log Principal
Density Log is a kind of radioactive logs . It uses a chemical cesium-137 gamma ray source to produces 0.66 Mev gamma rays . These gamma rays can react with formation and some of them will be absorbed , others will be detected by density tools . The gamma ray intensity ( count rates ) or energy spectral can be used to estimate formation density.
137
Cs 55
137 56
Ba + F- + K
Gamma Ray Reaction with Formation
electron
positron
Relationship between Gamma Ray absorption and formation density Density log tools use cesium-137 source which produces 0.66Mev gamma rays and record the gamma rays with energy larger than 0.2Mev . This is the range Compton scattering take place(see front figure) .The gamma rays absorption has nearly no dependence on lithology but on formation electron density, Ve . Suppose : A is atomic weight , Z is atomic number , the electron density is then related to mass density by :
2Z
Ve = V (A)molecule
Electron Density(Ve)Calibration to Bulk Density(V)
The dense formation absorbed more gamma rays than light formation.Density tools are designed to calibrate in fresh-water-filled limestone : for limestone V=2.71g/cm3 , 2Z/A = 0.999 ; for water V=1.00g/cm3 , 2Z/A = 1.110 ;(see next Fig. ) Use Ve , V convert equation ,we can get : Ve (lim) =2.7076g/cm3 , Ve(water) =1.1101g/cm3 . A linear conversion is used to translate the tools measurement of electron density to bulk density:
Vb = 0.1883 + 1.0704 Ve
Compensated Density Log Tool
The figure shows a dual detector CDL tool. The source and detector are push to contact with the borehole wall. The short spaced detector is designed to look at mudcake while long spaced detector to search formation. The effect of mudcake can be corrected by experimental diagram .
Environmental Effects
The depth of investigation of a density tool is quite shallow. The density is subject to effects from mudcake, rugosity, and invasion.
Density Porosity
The density of a mixture is a linear function of the densities of its individual constituents, so it is a simple matter to calculate the porosity of a porous rock . Suppose the clean formation with fluid-filled pores in the right fig. The bulk density will be :
Vb =(1 )Vma+ so we can get :
(Vma Vb )
Vf
D=
Vma Vf
Density porosity can be found by using a calculator or a chart
For example, in a sandstone formation , where: Vma=2.65 g/cm3 Vb=2.40 g/cm3, and Vf=1.15 g/cm3 (salt mud filtrate)
D
=(2.65-2.40)/(2.65-1.15)=0.167
Shale Effects
Suppose the formation be oil-bearing and with shale. The bulk density will be :
Vb =(1 Vsh )Vma+VshVsh +
oil
Vf
(Vma Vb ) Vsh(Vma Vsh) Vma Vb
water shale
So, =
matrix
Pe measurement and application
Photoelectric absorption occurs when gamma rays energy are less than 0.2Mev. The amount of gamma rays absorbed by formation are related to formations average atomic number Z :
Z
Pe = (
10
)3.6
Pe is photoelectric absorption index . Pe is measured by Spectral Density tool (SDL) which can record gamma rays with energy less than 0.2Mev . Next Fig. Shows average Z number of some rocks.
Average Z numbers for sand, lime and dolomite
Lithology indicator Pe response to typical minerals
Application of Pe as a lithology indicator
Pe is calibrated by limestone that filled with fresh water. Pe value is almost not affected by formation fluid but sensitive to formation lithology . Pe combined with other log curves can distinguish lithology perfectly .
