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39 views28 pages

UNIT-1 ch01

Uploaded by

imjyoti1511
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cryptography and

Network Security

Fourth Edition
by William Stallings

Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown


Cryptography: is technique of securing information
and communications through use of codes so that only
those person for whom the information is intended can
understand it and process it.

Thus preventing unauthorized access to information.

The prefix “crypto” means “hidden” and suffix graphy


means “writing”.
Background
 Information Security requirements have changed
in recent times
 traditionally provided by physical and
administrative mechanisms
 computer use requires automated tools to
protect files and other stored information
 use of networks and communications links
requires measures to protect data during
transmission
Definitions

 Computer Security - generic name for the


collection of tools designed to protect data and
to threat hackers
 Network Security - measures to protect data
during their transmission over networks
 Internet Security - measures to protect data
during their transmission over a collection of
interconnected networks
Definitions
 Plain text: The normal text which is in readable
format and it can be read by any user.
 Cipher text: The text which is in non-readable
format.
 Encryption: The process of converting PT to CT
which is done at sender side
 Decryption: The process of converting CT to PT
which is done at receiver side
 Cryptography: The study of Encryption
 Cryptanalysis: The study of Decryption
 Cryptology: The study of both ENC and DEC
 Key: A key is a group of bits which plays a major
role during ENC and DEC
Security Goals/Objectives:
 Confidentiality
 Integrity
 Availability
CIA Triad

These 3 represents fundamental goals of


security
Cont
Confidentiality: Data confidentiality ensures that private or confidential
information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals.

Integrity: Integrity can be Data Integrity or System Integrity.


Data integrity ensures that information and programs are changed only in a
specified and authorized manner.

Availability: Availability ensures that systems work promptly and service is


not denied to authorize users.
Aim of Course
 our focus is on Internet Security
 which consists of measures to deter,
prevent, detect, and correct security
violations that involve the transmission &
storage of information
Security Trends
OSI Security Architecture
 ITU-T X.800 “Security Architecture for OSI”
 defines a systematic way of defining and
providing security requirements
 for us it provides a useful, if abstract,
overview of concepts we will study
Aspects of Security
 consider 3 aspects of information security:

security attack

security mechanism

security service
Security Attack
 any action that compromises the security of
information owned by an organization
 information security is about how to prevent
attacks, or failing that, to detect attacks on
information-based systems
 often threat & attack used to mean same thing
 have a wide range of attacks
 can focus of generic types of attacks

passive

active
Security Attacks
Passive Attacks
 Passive attacks are in the nature of
eavesdropping on, or monitoring of,
transmissions.
 The goal of the opponent is to obtain
information that is being transmitted.
 There are two types of passive attacks
 1. Release of message contents
 2. Traffic analysis
Passive Attacks
Cont
 Release of message contents:
A telephone conversation, an electronic mail message, and a
transferred file may contain sensitive or confidential information.
One should prevent an opponent from learning the contents of these
transmissions.
 Traffic Analysis:
Suppose that we had a way of masking the contents of messages or other
information traffic so that opponents, even if they captured the message,
could not extract the information from the message. The common technique
for masking contents is encryption.
Active Attacks
 A masquerade takes place when one entity pretends to be a different
entity. For example, authentication sequences can be captured and
replayed after a valid authentication sequence has taken place.

 Replay involves the passive capture of a data unit and its subsequent
retransmission to produce an unauthorized effect.

 Modification:
An unauthorized party not only accessing the information and also modifies
(tampers) the information and sends to destination is called modification.

 The Denial of service prevents or inhibits the normal use or management


of communications facilities. This attack may have a specific target; for
example, an entity may suppress all messages directed to a particular
destination
Active Attacks
Security Service

enhance security of data processing systems
and information transfers of an organization

intended to counter security attacks

using one or more security mechanisms

often replicates functions normally associated
with physical documents
• which, for example, have signatures, dates; need
protection from disclosure, tampering, or
destruction; be notarized or witnessed; be
recorded or licensed
Security Services
 X.800:
“a service provided by a protocol layer of
communicating open systems, which ensures
adequate security of the systems or of data
transfers”

 RFC 2828:
“a processing or communication service
provided by a system to give a specific kind of
protection to system resources”
Security Services (X.800)
 Authentication - assurance that the
communicating entity is the one claimed
 Access Control - prevention of the
unauthorized use of a resource
 Data Confidentiality –protection of data from
unauthorized disclosure
 Data Integrity - assurance that data received is
as sent by an authorized entity
 Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by
one of the parties in a communication
Security Mechanism
 A process (or a device incorporating such
a process) that is designed to detect,
prevent, or recover from a security attack.
 no single mechanism that will support all
services required
 however one particular element underlies
many of the security mechanisms in use:

cryptographic techniques
 hence our focus on this topic
Security Mechanisms (X.800)
 specific security mechanisms:

encipherment, digital signatures, access
controls, data integrity, authentication
exchange, traffic padding, routing control,
notarization
 pervasive security mechanisms:

trusted functionality, security labels, event
detection, security audit trails, security
recovery
Model for Network Security
Model for Network Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
2. generate the secret information (keys) used
by the algorithm
3. develop methods to distribute and share the
secret information
4. specify a protocol enabling the principals to
use the transformation and secret
information for a security service
Model for Network Access
Security
Model for Network Access
Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. select appropriate gatekeeper functions to
identify users
2. implement security controls to ensure only
authorised users access designated
information or resources
 trusted computer systems may be useful
to help implement this model
Summary
 have considered:

definitions for:
• computer, network, internet security
 X.800 standard
 security attacks, services, mechanisms
 models for network (access) security

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