Networking Basic
Line configuration
There are two ways to connect the devices
Point-to-Point connection
Multipoint connection
Point-to-Point connection
can connect the two devices by means of a
pair of wires or using a microwave or satellite
link.
Multipoint connection
connection two or more devices share a
single link
Network Topology
schematic description of a network
arrangement, connecting various nodes
through lines of connection
Types of Network Topology
Bus
Ring
Mesh
BUS Topology
Bus topology is a network type in which every
device is connected to single cable
Advantages of Bus Topology
It is cost effective.
Cable required is least compared to other
network topology.
Used in small networks.
It is easy to understand.
Easy to expand joining two cables together.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
Cables fails then whole network fails.
If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more
the performance of the network decreases.
Cable has a limited length.
It is slower than the ring topology
RING Topology
Multiple Devices is connected in ring format.
Advantages of Ring Topology
Transmitting network is not affected by high
traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the
nodes having tokens can transmit data.
There is no collision in network
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
Adding or deleting the computers disturbs
the network activity.
Failure of one computer disturbs the whole
network.
STAR Topology
all the computers are connected to a single
hub through a cable.
Advantages of Star Topology
Fast performance with few nodes and low
network traffic.
Hub can be upgraded easily.
Easy to troubleshoot.
Easy to setup and modify.
Only that node is affected which has failed,
rest of the nodes can work smoothly.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
Cost of installation is high.
Expensive to use.
If the hub fails then the whole network is
stopped because all the nodes depend on the
hub.
Performance is based on the hub that is it
depends on its capacity
MESH Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other
nodes or devices. All the network nodes are
connected to each other
Advantages of Mesh Topology
Each connection can carry its own data load.
It is robust.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
Installation and configuration is difficult.
Cabling cost is more.
Bulk wiring is required.
TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are
connected to it forming a hierarchy
Advantages of Tree Topology
Extension of bus and star topologies.
Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.
Error detection is easily done.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
Heavily cabled.
Costly.
If more nodes are added maintenance is
difficult.
Central hub fails, network fails.
HYBRID Topology
types of topologies which is a mixture of two
or more topologies.
Advantages of Hybrid Topology
Reliable as Error detecting and trouble
shooting is easy.
Effective.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.
Flexible
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
Complex in design.
Costly
Transmission Modes
Transmission mode refers to the mechanism
of transferring of data between two devices
There are three types of transmission modes.
They are:
Simplex Mode
Half duplex Mode
Full duplex Mode
SIMPLEX Mode
In this type of transmission mode, data can
be sent only in one direction
HALF DUPLEX
Half-duplex data transmission means that
data can be transmitted in both directions on
a signal carrier, but not at the same time
FULL DUPLEX Mode
In full duplex system we can send data in
both the directions as it is bidirectional at the
same time in other words, data can be sent in
both directions simultaneously.
Transmission Mediums
Transmission medium is the means through
which we send our data from one place to
another.
Factors to be considered while selecting
a Transmission Medium
Transmission Rate
Cost and Ease of Installation
Resistance to Environmental Conditions
Distances
Twisted Pair Cable
Its frequency range is 0 to 3.5 kHz.
Typical attenuation is 0.2 dB/Km @ 1kHz.
Typical delay is 50 µs/km.
Segment length is 100 M.
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted
cable
Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4
pair cable use RJ-45 connector.
Advantages
Installation is easy
Flexible
Cheap
It has high speed capacity,
100 meter limit
Higher grades of UTP are used in LAN
technologies like Ethernet.
Disadvantages
Bandwidth is low when compared with
Coaxial Cable
Provides less protection from interference.
Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
Advantages
Easy to install
Performance is adequate
Can be used for Analog or Digital transmission
Increases the signaling rate
Higher capacity than unshielded twisted pair
Eliminates crosstalk
Disadvantages
Difficult to manufacture
Heavy
Coaxial Cable
connector
Advantages
Bandwidth is high
Transmits digital signals at a very high rate
of 10Mbps.
Much higher noise immunity
Data transmission without distortion.
The can span to longer distance at higher
speeds as they have better shielding when
compared to twisted pair cable
Disadvantages
Difficult to install and expensive when
compared with twisted pair.
If the shield is imperfect, it can lead to
grounded loop.
Applications
Coaxial cable was widely used in analog telephone
networks, where a single coaxial network could carry
10,000 voice signals.
Cable TV networks also use coaxial cables. In the
traditional cable TV network, the entire network used
coaxial cable. Cable TV uses RG-59 coaxial cable.
In traditional Ethernet LANs. Because of it high
bandwidth, and consequence high data rate, coaxial
cable was chosen for digital transmission in early
Ethernet LANs. The 10Base-2, or Thin Ethernet, uses
RG-58 coaxial cable with BNC connectors to transmit
data at 10Mbps with a range of 185 m
Fiber Optic
A fibre-optic cable is made of glass or Fiber
and transmits signals in the form of light
Fibre Sizes
Connector
Advantages
Higher bandwidth
Less signal attenuation
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Resistance to corrosive materials
Light weight
Greater immunity to tapping
Disadvantages
Installation and maintenance
Unidirectional light propagation
High Cost
Local Area Network
small physical areas such as an office, group
of buildings or a factory
LAN can be a simple network
LAN's operate at relatively high speed when
compared to the typical WAN
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
It generally covers towns and cities
Communication medium used for MAN are
optical fibers, cables etc.
Data rates adequate for distributed
computing applications
Wide Area Network (WAN)
t is used for the network that covers large
distance such as cover states of a country
Communication medium used by WAN are
PSTN or Satellite links. WAN operates on low
data rates
