WELDED JOINTS
TERMINOLOGY
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Services
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Copyright © 2003, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining
Definition
Joint: a connection where the
individual components,
suitable prepared, are to be
joined by welding or brazing.
Butt joint
T joint
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Definition
Weld: a union of pieces made by
welding.
Butt weld
Fillet weld
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Types of Joint
Corner joint
External Internal Double side
corner joint corner joint corner joint
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Types of Joint
Cruciform joint
Lap joint
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Features of Welds
Butt weld on plate
Parent
Toe Fac
metal Toe
e
Wel HAZ
d Roo
t
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Features of Welds
Fillet weld on plate
Fac
Parent e
Toe
metal
Wel Roo HA
d t Z
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Features of Welds
Shape of fillet welds:
Convex fillet
Concave fillet
Mitre fillet
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Features of Welds
Excess weld metal: weld metal lying
outside the plane
joining the toes.
Butt weld Fillet weld
A.k.a. weld reinforcement, overfill,
crown.
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Weld Preparations
Included angle
Bevel
angle
Root
face
Gap
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Weld Preparations
Root Included angle
radius
Bevel
angle
Root
face
Gap
Land
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Size of Welds
Butt welds
t2
t1
t1= design throat
thickness
t2
t2=actual throat t1
thickness
t1
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Size of Welds
Butt welds
t2 t1
t1, t’1= design throat
thickness
t2, t’2=actual throat t2
thickness t1
t’
t’1
2
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Size of Welds
Fillet welds
throat
leg
leg size
leg
throat size
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Size of Welds
actual
throat
design
throat
design throat
= actual
throat
leg size = 1.4 x throat
size for concave
Does NOT apply
fillets!
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Size of Welds
Asymmetrical fillet welds
throa
t
leg
leg
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Size of Welds
Deep penetration fillet welds
•increased resistance due to
increased throat
•the amount of deposited
real weld metal required is
throa reduced
t •faster travel speed
•need higher current and
larger electrode sizes
•can be welded only by SAW
or spray transfer MIG/MAG
theoreti •problems in ensuring
c throat consistent depth of
penetration
•possible solidification
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cracking
World Centre problems
for Materials Joining
Type of Weld-
interpretation
Corner joint Butt joint limits
limits
135°
135°
180°
30°
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Type of Weld-
interpretation
T joint Lap joint
limits limits
5°
5°
90°
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Lap Joint
Overlap limits for lap
joints:
D = 4 x t but not less than 25
mm!
See also Design Code
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Slot Weld
Holes can be circular or
oval.
Weld all round.
d
t
d > 3t
but d = minimum 25
mm!
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Plug Weld
Holes can be circular or
oval
If t < 10 mm, d = t.
d t If t > 10 mm, slot
technique should be used,
in circular holes (d = 3t
but minimum 25 mm - see
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BS
World Centre for5135).
Materials Joining
Plug Weld
AWS D1.1. Structural Welding Code
requirements for slot and plug welds:
•For plug welds, d > t + 8 mm but d< 2.25t.
•For slot welds, slot width d > t + 8 mm but d<
2.25t.
•Slot length l < 10t.
•End radius r > t.
•Spacing between slots p > 4d.
Copyright © 2003, TWI Ltd World Centre for Materials Joining
Practical design
limitations
Effect of tolerances (mismatch)
t t
’
Correct fit Bad fit - in order to
achieve same strength
Allowable gap between itemst’acc. > tBS EN 25817 is:
•1 + 0.3 x t (maximum 4 mm) for moderate quality
•0.5 + 0.2 x t (maximum 3 mm) for intermediate
quality
Copyright•©
0.5 +TWI
2003, 0.1Ltd x t (maximum 2 mm)
World Centre for stringent
for Materials Joiningquality
Practical design
limitations
Effect of corner proximity
(see also BS EN 1011-2 Annex
B.3)
t t
’
Correct Corner is melt
design away - loss of
weld size! t’ < t
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Practical design
limitations
Cope hole design (see also BS EN 1011-2
Annex B.4)
Straight cut Cope hole
(not (recommended
recommended) )
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