Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Chapter 2
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Elements are composed of extremely small
particles called atoms. All atoms of a given
element are identical, having the same size,
mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one
element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
2. Compounds are composed of atoms of more
than one element. The relative number of atoms
of each element in a given compound is always
the same.
3. Chemical reactions only involve the rearrangement
of atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed in
chemical reactions.
2
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
J.J. Thomson, measured charge/mass of e-
(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)
Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
e- charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C
Thomson’s charge/mass of e- = -1.76 x 108 C/g
e- mass = 9.10 x 10-28 g
Rutherford Experiment (1902)
(Uranium compound)
Shown to be incorrect by Rutherford’s experiments
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s
(~5% speed of light)
1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus
2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g)
Rutherford’s Model of
the Atom
atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m
nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m
Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)
H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p
mass He/mass H should = 2
measured mass He/mass H = 4
+ 9Be 1
n + 12C + energy
neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)
n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g
Subatomic Particles (Table 2.1)
Mass Charge Charge
Particle
(g) (Coulombs) (units)
- -28 -19
Electron (e ) 9.1 x 10 -1.6 x 10 -1
Proton (p+) 1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1
Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24 0 0
mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
Do You Understand Isotopes?
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 146 C?
6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 116 C?
6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons
Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds
H2 H2O NH3 CH4
A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms
H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO
A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms
O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na +
10 electrons
anion – ion with a negative charge
If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl -
18 electrons
A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom
OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
Do You Understand Ions?
27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?
13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons
How many protons and electrons are in 78
34 Se 2- ?
34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and an anions
• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl
Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6
Al2O3
Al3+ O2-
1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2
CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-
1 x +2 = +2 1 x -2 = -2
Na2CO3
Na+ CO32-
Some Polyatomic Ions (Table 2.3)
NH4+ ammonium SO42- sulfate
2- 2-
CO3 carbonate SO3 sulfite
- -
HCO3 bicarbonate NO3 nitrate
ClO3- chlorate NO2- nitrite
Cr2O72- dichromate SCN- thiocyanate
2- -
CrO4 chromate OH hydroxide
Chemical Nomenclature
• Ionic Compounds
– often a metal + nonmetal
– anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name
BaCl2 barium chloride
K2O potassium oxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
KNO3 potassium nitrate
• Transition metal ionic compounds
– indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals
FeCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride
FeCl3 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride
Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide
• Molecular compounds
– nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
– common names
• H2O, NH3, CH4, C60
– element further left in periodic table is 1 st
– element closest to bottom of group is 1 st
– if more than one compound can be formed
from the same elements, use prefixes to
indicate number of each kind of atom
– last element ends in ide
Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
NF3 nitrogen trifluoride
SO2 sulfur dioxide
N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride
NO2 nitrogen dioxide TOXIC!
N2O dinitrogen monoxide Laughing Gas
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
HCl
•Pure substance, hydrogen chloride
•Dissolved in water (H+ Cl-), hydrochloric acid
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element.
HNO3 nitric acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
A base can be defined as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
