Floating and Positioning

Topics
Floating elements to the left and right

Clearing floated elements

Containing floated elements

Creating text-wrap shapes

Relative positioning

Absolute positioning and containing blocks

Fixed positioning
Floating and Positioning
Floating an element moves it to the left or right and allows the
following text to wrap around it

Positioning is a way to specify the location of an element

anywhere on the page with pixel precision
Normal Flow
In the CSS layout model, text elements are laid out from top to
bottom in the order in which they appear in the source, and
from left to right in left-to-right reading languages

Block elements stack up on top of one another and fill the available
width of the browser window or other containing element

Inline elements and text characters line up next to one another to

fill the block elements

Objects in the normal flow affect the layout of the objects around them
Floating
The float property moves an element as far as possible to the left or
right, allowing the following content to wrap around it
float

Values: left | right | none

Default: none
Floating Example

img {
float: right;
}

<p><img src="icecreambowl.png" alt=""> After the cream is

frozen rather stiff,… </p>
Floating Example
Floating Inline and Block elements
It is possible to float any HTML element, both inline and block-level
Floating an inline text element
It is necessary to specify the width for floated text elements

Floated inline elements behave as block elements

Once you float an inline element, it follows the display rules for
block-level elements, and margins are rendered on all four sides

Confirm this property using Chrome DevTool

Margins on floated elements do not collapse

Floating block elements
You must provide a width for floated block elements

Elements do not float higher than their reference in the source

Clearing Floated Elements
Turn the text wrapping off

Applying the clear property to an element prevents it from appearing

next to a floated element and forces it to start against the next
available “clear” space below the float

clear

Values: left | right | both | none

Default: none
Positioning
Elements can be positioned

relative to where they would normally appear in the flow

at a particular spot on the page

relative to the viewport

Types of Positioning
position

Values: static | relative | absolute | fixed

Default: static
Specifying Position
top, right, bottom, left

Values: length | percentage | auto

Default: auto

The value provided for each offset property defines the distance the
element should be moved away from that respective edge
Relative Positioning
Moves an element relative to its original spot in the flow

The space it would have occupied is preserved and continues to

influence the layout of surrounding content

Overlap happens
Relative Positioning Example
em {
position: relative;
top: 2em; /* moves element down */
left: 3em; /* moves element right */
background-color: fuchsia;
}
Absolute Positioning
Absolutely positioned elements have no influence on the layout of
surrounding elements

In absolute positioning the element is positioned relative to its nearest

containing block
Absolute Positioning Example
em {
position: absolute;
top: 2em; /* moves element down */
left: 3em; /* moves element right */
background-color: fuchsia;
}
Containing Blocks
The position and size of an element’s box(es) are sometimes computed
relative to a certain rectangle, called the containing block of the
element

The most common way to make an element into a containing block is to

set its position to relative, but not move it with any offset values
Containing Blocks
Determining the containing block of an element

If the positioned element is not contained within another positioned

element, then it will be placed relative to the initial containing block
(created by the html element)

But if the element has an ancestor (i.e., is contained within an

element) that has its position set to relative, absolute, or fixed, the
element will be positioned relative to the edges of that element
instead
Containing Blocks
The next two slides show the contrast between the two

In the first case the paragraph where the em element resides is not
positioned element but the second paragraph is positioned element
Absolute Positioning
The offset values apply to the outer edges of the element box (the outer
margin edge) for absolutely positioned elements

For relatively positioned elements, the offset is measured to the box

itself (not the outer margin edge)

Absolutely positioned elements always behave as block-level elements

For example, the margins on all sides are maintained, even though
this is an inline element

It also permits a width to be set for the element

Stacking Order
By default, elements stack up in the order in which they appear in the
document, but you can change the stacking order with the z-index
property

Picture the z-axis as a line that runs perpendicular to the screen/page

z-axis

Values: number | auto

Default: auto
Stacking Order
The higher the number, the higher the element will appear in the stack

Lower numbers and negative values move the element lower in the
stack

An example is shown in the next slide

Fixed Positioning
Fixed positioning works just like absolute positioning

The significant difference is that the offset values for fixed elements are
always relative to the viewport

The fixed positioned element stays put even when the rest of the page
scrolls

Fixed elements are often used for menus that stay in the same place at
the top, bottom, or side of a screen so they are always available, even
when the content scrolls
CSS Layout
Flexbox and Grid
Topics

Flex containers and items Grid containers and items

Flow direction and wrapping Setting up a grid template
Flex item alignment Placing items in the grid
Controlling item “flex” Implicit grid features
Grid item alignment
CSS Page Layout Tools
Flexbox for greater control over arranging items along one axis

Grid for grid-based layouts

You can use both together to achieve layouts

Flexible Boxes with CSS Flexbox
The defining aspect of flex layout is the ability to make the flex items
“flex,” altering their width/height to fill the available space in the main
dimension

When you make an element a flexbox, all of its child elements line up
on one axis

Play Flexbox Game: https://flexboxfroggy.com/

Setting Up a Flexbox Container
To turn on flexbox mode for an element, set its display property to
flex or inline-flex

<div id="container">
<div class="box box1">1</div>
#container { <div class="box box2">2</div>
display: flex; <div class="box box3">3</div>
} <div class="box box4">4</div>
<div class="box box5">5</div>
</div>
Setting Up a Flexbox Container
You can turn any flex item into a flex container by setting its display to
flex, resulting in a nested flexbox
Specifying flow direction
flex-direction

Values: row | column | row-reverse | column-reverse

Default: row
Flex Terminology
Flexbox is direction-agnostic, there are no references to “left,”
“right,” “top,” or “bottom” in the property values

We use terms Main-Axis and Cross-Axis

Flex Terminology:
The main axis is the flow direction
you’ve specified for the flex
container

When flex-direction is set to

row, the main axis is
horizontal

When flex-direction is set to

column, the main axis is
vertical
Flex Terminology
The cross axis is whatever
direction is perpendicular to the
main axis

vertical for row

horizontal for column

Flex Terminology
Both the main and cross axes have
a start and an end, based on the
direction in which the items flow
Wrapping onto multiple lines
flex-wrap

Values: nowrap | wrap | wrap-reverse

Default: nowrap
Shorthand property flex-flow
flex-flow

Values: flex-direction flex-wrap

Default: row nowrap

Making a navigation bar with Flexbox

nav ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style-type: none;
}
Making a navigation bar with Flexbox

nav ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style-type: none;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
}
Making a navigation bar with Flexbox

nav ul li a {
display: block;
border: 1px solid;
border-radius: 0.5em;
padding: 0.5em 1em;
margin: 0.5em;
}
Aligning Items on the main axis
justify-content

Values: flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between |

space-around

Default: flex-start

#container {
display: flex;
justify-content: flex-start;
}
Aligning on the cross axis
align-items

Values: flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline |

stretch

Default: stretch
#container {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
height: 200px;
align-items: flex-start;
}
Aligning on the cross axis
If you’d like one or more items to override the cross-axis setting, use
the align-self property on the individual item element(s)

align-self

Values: flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline |

stretch

Default: stretch
Aligning multiple lines
align-content

Values: flex-start | flex-end | #container {

center | space-around | space- display: flex;
between | stretch flex-direction: row;

Default: stretch flex-wrap: wrap;

height: 350px;
align-items: flex-start;
}
Aligning multiple lines
The align-content property applies to the flex container element

A height is required for the container, because without it the container

would be just tall enough to accommodate the content and there would
be no space left over

The align-content property applies only when flex-wrap is set to

wrap or wrap-reverse and there are multiple lines to align
Determining How Items “Flex” in the Container

The concept of flex is concerned with how space is distributed

within items, growing or shrinking items as required to make them
fit

The flex property, which specifies how much an item can grow and
shrink, and identifies its starting size

flex is a shorthand property for flex-grow, flex-shrink, and flex-

basis

The flex properties apply to flex items, not the container

Determining How Items “Flex” in the Container

flex

Values: none | 'flex-grow flex-shrink flex-basis'

Default: 0 1 auto
Determining How Items “Flex” in the Container
Determining How Items “Flex” in the Container
Changing the Order of Flex Items
order
.box3 {
Values: integer
order: 1;
Default: 0 }
Changing the Order of Flex Items
.box2,
order
.box3 {
Values: integer
order: 1;
Default: 0 }
Changing the Order of Flex Items
order
.box5 {
Values: integer
order: -1;
Default: 0 }
Applying Flexbox
How do you create the layout shown in the next slide
<header>…</header>
<main>
<article><h2>Where It's At</h2></article>
<aside id="news"><h2>News></h2></aside>
<aside id="contact"><h2>Contact</h2><aside>
</main>
<footer>…<footer>
main { #news {
display: flex; flex: 1 1 25%;
} order: 3;
}
article { #contact {
flex: 1 1 50%; flex: 1 1 25%;
order: 2; order: 1;
} }
CSS Grid Layout
The CSS Grid Layout Module provides a system for laying out elements
in rows and columns
How to use Grid Layout
Use the display property to turn an element into a grid container

The element’s children automatically become grid items

Set up the columns and rows for the grid

You can set them up explicitly and/or provide directions for how rows
and columns should get created on the fly

Assign each grid item to an area on the grid

If you don’t assign them explicitly, they flow into the cells sequentially
Grid Terminology
To make an element a grid container apply the display: grid property

All of the elements direct child elements automatically become grid

items that end up positioned in the grid

You can nest a grid inside another grid

Grid Terminology
Grid Components

Grid Track is a
generic name
for a grid
column or a
grid row
Declaring Grid Display
To turn an element into a grid container, set its display property to grid
or inline-grid

<div id="layout">
<div id="one">One</div>
#layout { <div id="two">Two</div>
display: grid; <div id="three">Three</div>
} <div id="four">Four</div>
<div id="five">Five</div>
</div>
Setting Up the Grid
Let us how to setup the grid shown
Defining grid tracks
grid-template-rows

grid-template-columns

Values: none | list of track

sizes and optional line
names

Default: none
Grid track sizes
#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: 100px 400px 100px;
grid-template-columns: 200px 500px 200px;
}
 #layout {
display: grid;
Grid track sizes
grid-template-rows: 100px 400px 100px;
grid-template-columns: 200px 500px 200px;
}
Grid track sizes
When the browser creates a grid, it also automatically assigns each
grid line a number that you can reference when positioning items

The grid line at the start of the grid track is 1, and lines are
numbered sequentially

The lines are numbered from the end of tracks as well, starting with –1,
and numbers count back from there (–2, –3, etc.)

Check the next slide for an example

Grid track sizes
You can also assign names to lines

#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: [header-start] 100px [content-start] 400px
[footer-start] 100px;
grid-template-columns: [ads] 200px [main] 500px [links] 200px;
}

The grid line at the top of the grid can now be referred to as “header-
start,” “1,” or “–4.”
 Grid track sizes
To give a line more than one name, just include all the names in the
brackets, separated by spaces

#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: [header-start] 100px [header-end content-start]
400px [footer-start] 100px;
grid-template-columns: [ads] 200px [main] 500px [links] 200px;
}
Specifying track size values
The Grid specification provides the following values for the grid-
template-* properties:

Lengths (such as px or em) auto

Percentage values (%) min-content, max-content

Fractional units (fr) minmax()

fit-content()
Specifying track size values
Fractional units (flex factor)

The Grid-specific fractional unit (fr) allows developers to create

track widths that expand and contract depending on available
space

#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: 100px 400px 100px;
grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr 200px;
}
Specifying track size values
Fractional units (flex factor)
Specifying track size values
Fractional units (flex factor)

The fr unit is great for combining fixed and flexible track widths,
but it also be used to give all the columns proportional widths

#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: 100px 400px 100px;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr 1fr;
}
Specifying track size values
Minimum and maximum size range

You can constrict the size range of a track by setting its minimum
and maximum widths using the minmax() function in place of a
specific track size

#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: 100px 400px 100px;
grid-template-columns: 1px minmax(15em, 45em) 1px;
}
Specifying track size values
Content-based sizing

The min-content, max-content, and auto values size the track

based on the size of the content within it

#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: 100px 400px 100px;
grid-template-columns: 1px min-content 1px;
}
Specifying track size values
Repeating track sizes

A grid that has 10 columns with alternating column widths

grid-template-columns: 20px 1fr 20px 1fr 20px 1fr 20px

1fr 20px 1fr;
Shortcut

grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 20px 1fr);

 Specifying track size values
auto-fill and auto-fit

You can also let the browser figure it out itself based on the
available space by using the auto-fill and auto-fit values
instead of an integer

grid-template-columns:grid-template-rows: repeat(auto-fill, 10em);

Defining grid areas
To assign names to grid areas, use the grid-template-areas property

grid-template-areas

Values: none | series of area names

Default: none
Defining Grid Areas
#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: 100px 400px 100px;
grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr 200px;
grid-template-areas:
"header header header"
"ads main links"
"footer footer footer";
}
Defining Grid Areas
Defining Grid Areas
If there are three columns in the grid, there must be three names
provided for each row

If you want to leave a cell unnamed, type one or more periods (.) in its
place as a space holder so that every cell is still accounted for
The grid shorthand property
Use the grid shorthand property to set values for grid-template-rows,
grid-template-columns, and grid-template-areas with one style rule

grid

Values: none | row info / column info

Default: none
The grid shorthand property
grid

Values: none | row info / column info

Default: none

#layout {
display: grid;
grid: 100px 400px 100px / 200px 1fr 200px;
}
The grid shorthand property
To include custom line names, add the names in brackets around their
respective tracks

Area names should appear with the row information as shown below

[start line name] "area names" <track size> [end line name]
The grid shorthand property
The expanded equivalent of the following is shown in the next slide

#layout {
display: grid;
grid:
[header-start] "header header header" 100px
[content-start] "ads main links" 400px
[footer-start] "footer footer footer" 100px
/ [ads] 200px [main] 1fr [links] 200px;
}
The grid shorthand property
The expanded equivalent of the example is shown in the previous slide

#layout {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: [header-start] 100px [content-start] 400px [footer-
start] 100px;
grid-template-columns: [ads] 200px [main] 1fr [links] 200px;
grid-template-areas:
"header header header"
"ads main links"
"footer footer footer";
}
Placing Grid Items
Without any explicit placement instruction, grid items flow into the
available grid cells sequentially
Positioning using lines
One method for describing a grid item’s location on the grid is to
specify the four lines bordering the target grid area with four
properties that specify the start and end row lines and the start and
end column lines
Positioning using lines
grid-row-start

grid-row-end

grid-column-start

grid-column-end

Values: auto | grid line | span number | span ‘line name’

| number ‘line name’

Default: auto
Positioning using lines
#one {
grid-row-start: 1;
grid-row-end: 2;
grid-column-start: 1;
grid-column-end: 4;
}
Positioning using lines
Using name names is also possible

#one {
grid-row-start: header-start;
grid-row-end: header-end;
}
Positioning using lines
You can use the span keyword to specify how many tracks to span over.

#one {
grid-column-start: 1;
grid-column-end: span 3;
}
#one {
grid-column-start: span 3;
grid-column-end: -1;
}
Positioning using lines
Shorthand grid-row and grid-column properties

grid-row

grid-column

Values: start line / end line

#one {
grid-row: 1 / 2;
grid-column: 1 / span 3;
}
Positioning by area
grid-area

Values: area name | 1 to 4 line identifiers

#one {grid-area: header;}

#two {grid-area: ads;}
#three {grid-area: main;}
#four {grid-area: links;}
#five {grid-area: footer;}
Positioning by area
You can also use grid-area to provide a list of four grid lines that define
an area, separated by slashes

The order in which they appear is “row-start,” “column-start,” “row-

end,” “column-end” (counterclockwise from the top)

#one {
grid-area: 1 / 1 / 2 / span 3;
/* row-start / column-start / row-end / column-end */
}
Implicit Grid Behavior
Without explicit placement instructions, grid items flow into the grid
sequentially

Creating a named area implicitly generates grid lines with the “-start”
and “-end” suffixes

if you place an item outside a defined grid, the browser automatically

generates tracks in the grid to accommodate it

if you simply have more items than there are cells or areas, the browser
generates more tracks until all the items are placed
Implicit Grid Behavior
By default, any row or column automatically added to a grid will have
the size auto, sized just large enough to accommodate the height or
width of the contents

If you want to give implicit rows and columns specific dimensions, use
the grid-auto-* properties
Implicit Grid Behavior
grid-auto-rows

grid-auto-columns

Values: list of track sizes

Default: auto

The grid-auto-rows and grid-auto-columns properties provide one or

more track sizes for automatically generated tracks and apply to the
grid container
Implicit Grid Behavior
#A {
#littlegrid { grid-row: 1 / 2;
display: grid; grid-column: 2 / 3;
grid-template-columns: 200px 200px; }
grid-template-rows: 200px 200px;
grid-auto-columns: 100px; #B {
grid-auto-rows: 100px; grid-row: 3 / 4;
} grid-column: 5 / 6;
}
Implicit Grid Behavior
A more common use of auto-generated tracks is to tile images, product
listings, and the like into columns, letting rows be created as needed

The following styles set up a grid with explicit columns and as many
200px-high rows as needed

grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));

grid-auto-rows: 200px;
Flow direction and density
grid-auto-flow

Values: row or column | dense (optional)

Default: row
Flow direction and density
Use grid-auto-flow to specify whether you’d like items to flow in by
row or column

The default flow follows the writing direction of the document (left-to-
right and top-to-bottom for English and other left-to-right languages)

#listings {
display: grid;
grid-auto-flow: column;
}
Flow direction and density
By default, items are placed in the first area in which they fit

Cells that are too small to accommodate the content will be skipped
over until a cell large enough is found for placement

The dense keyword for the grid-auto-flow property make grid items
fill the grid as densely as possible, allowing the items to appear out of
sequence in order to fill the available space
#listings {
display: grid;
grid-auto-flow: dense rows;
}
Spacing and Alignment
You can add space between tracks and adjust alignment of the grid and
its items
Spacing between tracks (gutters)
grid-row-gap

grid-column-gap

Values: length (must not be negative)

Default: 0
Spacing between tracks (gutters)
grid-gap

Values: grid-row-gap grid-column-gap

Default: 0 0
div#container {
border: 2px solid gray;
display: grid;
grid: repeat(4, 150px) / repeat(4, 1fr);
grid-gap: 20px 50px;
}
Aligning individual items
justify-self

Values: start | end | center | left | right | self-start |

self-end | stretch | normal | auto

Default: auto (looks at the value for justify-items, which

defaults to normal)

specifies alignment on the horizontal (inline) axis

Aligning individual items
align-self

Values: start | end | center | left | right | self-start |

self-end | stretch | normal | auto

Default: auto (looks at the value for align-items)

specifies alignment on the vertical (block) axis

Aligning all the items in a grid
justify-items

Values: start | end | center | left | right | self-start |

self-end | stretch | normal

Default: normal (stretch for non-replaced elements; start for

replaced elements)
Aligning all the items in a grid
align-items

Values: start | end | center | left | right | self-start |

self-end | stretch | normal

Default: normal (stretch for non-replaced elements; start for

replaced elements)
Aligning tracks in the grid container
There may be instances in which the tracks of your grid do not fill the
entire area of their grid container

For example, if you’ve specified track widths and heights in specific

pixel measurements

You can decide how the browser should handle leftover space within the
container by using the

justify-content (horizontal/inline axis) and

align-content (vertical/block axis) properties

Aligning tracks in the grid container
justify-content

Values: start | end | left | right | center | stretch |

space-around | space-between | space-evenly

Default: start
Aligning tracks in the grid container
align-content

Values: start | end | left | right | center | stretch |

space-around | space-between | space-evenly

Default: start
A Grid Layout Example
A Grid Layout Example
The HTML

<div id="container">
<header>…</header>
<main>…</main>
<aside>…</aside>
<footer>…</footer>
</div>
A Grid Layout Example
Grid Container

#container {
display: grid;
}
 A Grid Layout Example
The Rows

#container {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: auto
auto 5em;
}
 A Grid Layout Example
The Columns

#container {
display: grid;
grid-template-rows: auto
auto 5em;
grid-template-columns:
minmax(25em, 1fr) 16em;
}
A Grid Layout Example
Naming Areas

#container {
...
grid-template-areas:
"banner banner"
"main hours"
"footer footer";
}
A Grid Layout Example
Placing header Grid Items

header {
grid-area: banner;
}
A Grid Layout Example
Placing main Grid Items

main {
grid-area: main;
}
A Grid Layout Example
Placing aside Grid Items

aside {
grid-area: aside;
}
A Grid Layout Example
Placing footer Grid Items

footer {
grid-area: aside;
}
Must Visit References
A Complete Guide to Flexbox

A Complete Guide to Grid