MODULE III

Functions
Python has many components like,
Functions
Python allows large program to be divided into basic
blocks called functions.
Classes
Classes can comprise many objects, functions, codes
etc.
Modules
A files that contains definition of functions and classes
Packages
Many modules can be combined in packages
A function is a block of code which only runs when
it is called.
You can pass data, known as parameters, into a
function.
A function can return data as a result.

Creating a Function
In Python a function is defined using the def
keyword:
Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
Python supports the use of three types of
functions:
Python Built-in functions
Already created, predefined function
User defined function
 A function created by users as per the requirements
Anonymous function
A function having no name
Function has three parts:
Name
Every function has a name that identifies the code to
be executed.
Function rules follow the same rules for variable
names.
Parameters
A function must be called with a certain number of
parameters, and each parameters must be the correct
type.
Some functions do not accept any parametes.
Result Type
A function returns a value to its caller.
name=“Heera”
def display():
print(“My name is“, name)
display()
Calling a Function
To call a function, use
the function name
followed by parenthesis:
Example

def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
my_function()
Arguments

Information can be passed into functions as

arguments.
Arguments are specified after the function
name, inside the parentheses.
You can add as many arguments as you want,
just separate them with a comma.
def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Refsnes")
my_function(“Niya")
my_function("Tobias")
my_function("Linus")
def my_function(fname, lname):
print(fname + " " + lname)
my_function(“Mili", "Refsnes")
Arbitrary Arguments, *args

def my_function(*kids):
print("The youngest child is " + kids[2])
my_function("Emil", "Tobias", "Linus")
Parameters or Arguments?
The terms parameter and argument can
be used for the same thing: information that
are passed into a function.
A parameter is the variable listed inside
the parentheses in the function definition.
An argument is the value that is sent to
the function when it is called.
Keyword Arguments
You can also send arguments with
the key = value syntax.
This way the order of the arguments does not matter.
Example

def my_function(child3, child2, child1):

print("The youngest child is " + child3)
my_function(child1 = "Emil", child2 = "Tobias", child3
= "Linus")
Built-in Functions
abs()
Returns the absolute value of a number
The argument may be an integer, or a
floating point number.
Syntax:
abs(n)
Eg: integer
n=-20
m=abs(n)
print(“ABSOLUTE VALUE OF “,n,” IS”,m)
Eg: floating number
n=-20.25
m=abs(n)
print(“ABSOLUTE VALUE OF “,n,” IS”,m)
all()
This function returns True if all items in an iterable
are True, otherwise it returns False.
If the iterable object is empty, the all() function also
returns True.
Syntax:
all(iterable)

iterable object: list,tuple,dictionary

#check if all items in a list are True
mylist=[0,1,1]
Print(all(mylist)
Output:
False
#check if all items in a list are True
mylist=[1,2,3]
Print(all(mylist)
Output:
True
#check if all items in a list are True
mylist=[]
Print(all(mylist)
Output:
True
Check if all items in a tuple are True:
mytuple = (True, False)
x = all(mytuple)
print(x)
Output:
False
Check if all items in a set are True:
myset = {0, 1, 0}
x = all(myset)
print(x)
Output:
False
Check if all items in a dictionary are True:

mydict = {0 : "Apple", 1 : "Orange"}

x = all(mydict)
print(x)

Output:
False

When used on a dictionary, the all() function checks

if all the keys are true, not the values.
any()
Check if any of the items in a list are True:
Syntax:
any(iterable)

Example

mylist = [False, True, False]

x = any(mylist)
Check if any item in a tuple is True:

mytuple = (0, 1, False)

x = any(mytuple)

Output:
True
Check if any item in a set is True:

myset = {0, 1, 0}
x = any(myset)
Output:
True
Check if any item in a dictionary is True:

mydict = {0 : "Apple", 1 : "Orange"}

x = any(mydict)
Output:
True
Check if any item in a dictionary is True:

mylist = []
x = any(mylist)
Output:
True
 Python ascii() Function

 The ascii() function returns a readable

version of any object (Strings, Tuples, Lists,
etc).

 The ascii() function will replace any

non-ascii characters with escape characters:

 å will be replaced with \xe5.

 Example

Escape non-ascii characters:

x = ascii("My name is Ståle")
Print(x);

Output:
My name is St\xe5
Parameter Values

Parameter Description
object An object, like String, List, Tuple, Dictionary etc.
 Python bin() Function

 The bin() returns the binary version of a

specified integer.
 The result will always start with the prefix 0b.

 Syntax:
bin(n)
Parameter Values

Parameter Description
n Required. An integer
Example

Return the binary version of 36:

x = bin(36)

 Output
0b100100
 Python bool() function

 The bool() function returns the boolean value of

a specified object.
 The object will always return True, unless:

The object is empty, like [], (), {}

The object is False
The object is 0
The object is None
Parameter Values

Parameter Description
object Any object, like String, List, Number etc.

Syntax
bool(object)

Example
Return the boolean value of 1:
x = bool(1)

Output:
True
  Python chr() Function

 The chr() function returns the character that

represents the specified unicode.

Syntax
chr(number)
Parameter Values

Parameter Description
number An integer representing a valid Unicode code point
x = chr(97)
print(x)

Output:
A
---------------------------------------------------
x = chr(65)
print(x)

Output:
A
 Python complex() Function

 The complex() function returns a complex

number by specifying a real number and an
imaginary number.

Syntax
complex(real, imaginary)
Parameter Values

Parameter Description

real Required. A number representing the real part of the complex

number. Default 0. The real number can also be a String, like this
'3+5j', when this is the case, the second parameter should be
omitted.

imaginary Optional. A number representing the imaginary part of the

complex number. Default 0.
Example

Convert the number 3 and imaginary number 5

into a complex number:

x = complex(3, 5)
 Python dict() Function

 The dict() function creates a dictionary.

 A dictionary is a collection which is unordered,

changeable and indexed.The dict() function
creates a dictionary.

 Syntax

dict(keyword arguments)
Parameter Values

Parameter Description

keyword Optional. As many keyword arguments you like, separated

arguments by comma: key = value, key = value ...
Example

Create a dictionary containing personal information:

x = dict(name = "John", age = 36, country = "Norway")

Output:
{'name': 'John', 'age': 36, 'country': 'Norway'}
  Python divmod() Function

 The divmod() function returns a tuple containing

the quotient and the remainder when
argument1 (dividend) is divided by argument2
(divisor).

 Syntax
divmod(dividend, divisor)
Parameter Values
Parameter Description
dividend A Number. The number you want to divide
divisor A Number. The number you want to divide with
Example

Display the quotient and the remainder of 5

divided by 2:

x = divmod(5, 2)

Output:

(2, 1)
  Python eval() Function

 The eval() function evaluates the specified

expression, if the expression is a legal Python
statement, it will be executed.
 Syntax
eval(expression, globals, locals)

Parameter Values

Parameter Description
expression A String, that will be evaluated as Python code
globals Optional. A dictionary containing global parameters
locals Optional. A dictionary containing local parameters
Example

Evaluate the expression 'print(55)':

x = 'print(55)'
eval(x)

Output:

55
  Python float() Function

 The float() function converts the specified value

into a floating point number.
Syntax
float(value)

Parameter Values

Parameter Description
value A number or a string that can be converted into a floating
point number
Example

Convert the number 3 into a floating point

number:

x = float(3)

Output:

3.0
 Python format() Function

 The format() function formats a specified value

into a specified format.

 Syntax
format(value, format)

x = format(0.5, '%')

Output

50.000000%
x = format(255, 'x')

Output:
ff
Parameter Description
value A value of any format
format The format you want to format the value into.
Legal values:
'<' - Left aligns the result (within the available space)
'>' - Right aligns the result (within the available space)
'^' - Center aligns the result (within the available space)
'=' - Places the sign to the left most position
'+' - Use a plus sign to indicate if the result is positive or negative
'-' - Use a minus sign for negative values only
' ' - Use a leading space for positive numbers
',' - Use a comma as a thousand separator
'_' - Use a underscore as a thousand separator
'b' - Binary format
'c' - Converts the value into the corresponding unicode character
'd' - Decimal format
'e' - Scientific format, with a lower case e
'E' - Scientific format, with an upper case E
'f' - Fix point number format
'F' - Fix point number format, upper case
'g' - General format
'G' - General format (using a upper case E for scientific notations)
'o' - Octal format
'x' - Hex format, lower case
'X' - Hex format, upper case
'n' - Number format
'%' - Percentage format
 Python help() function

help() Executes the built-in help system

It generates help of the given object.

help(list)
help(print)
 Python hex() Function

 The hex() function converts the specified

number into a hexadecimal value.

 The returned string always starts with the prefix

0x.

Syntax
hex(number)
Parameter Values

Parameter Description
number An Integer

Example

Convert 255 into hexadecimal value:

x = hex(255)
 Python input() Function

 The input() function allows user input.

Syntax
input(prompt)

Parameter Values

Parameter Description
prompt A String, representing a default message before the input.
Example

Use the prompt parameter to write a message before the

input:

x = input('Enter your name:')

print('Hello, ' + x)

Output:
Enter your name: mili
Hello, mili