SEMINAR ON SOLID STATE
CHEMISTRY
BY,
MUKESH BEHERA GUIDED
BY:-
MSc 1st SEMESTER
ANJUSHREE PATEL
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE SUNDARGARH
CONTENTS
1- Introduction
2- Types Of Solids
3- Crystal Lattice
4- Types Of Unit Cell
5- Radius Ratio Of Ionic Crystals
6-Structure Of Nacl And Cscl
7- Defect In Solids
8- Conclusion
9-Acknowledgment
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Solids are characterised by incompressibility,
rigidity and mechanical strength. The molecules,
atoms or ions in solids are closely packed.
Cause of existance of substance as solid are
intermolecular force.
In solids, the structural units (atoms, molecules,
or ions) are held more or less rigidly in place.
There are two types of solid Based upon atomic
arrangement , physical and chemical properties
1-Crystalline solid
2-Amorphous solid
Crystalline solid-
• The building Constitution arrange themselves in a
regular manner throughout the entire three dimensional
network.
• These have definite Geometrical shape .
• Anisotropic
• Example – Nacl, Cscl
Amorphous solid-
• No regular but haphazard arrangement of atoms or
molecules.
• Isotropic.
• No definite geometrical shape.
• Examples: glass, rubber, plastics.
Classification of Solids
VOIDS AND ITS TYPE-
voids in solid state means the vacant space
between the constituents particle in closed packed
structure.
Types of voids-
tetrahedral voids
octahedral voids
Crystal Lattices
A crystal lattice is the geometric
arrangement of lattice points in a crystal.
A unit cell is the smallest boxlike unit from
which you can construct a crystal by stacking the
units in three dimensions .
There are seven basic shapes possible for unit
cells, which give rise to seven crystal systems
used to classify crystals .
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserv
ed.
seven crystal systems
1. simple cubic (sc) 8 x 1/8 atom per
corner = one atom per cell
2. body-centered cubic (bcc) 8 x 1/8
atoms per corner + one atom in
center = 2 atoms / cell
3. face-centered cubic (fcc) 8 x 1/8
atom / corner + ½ atom per side x
6 sides = 4 atoms per cell
HCP AND CCP
RADIUS RATIO OF IONIC CRYSTAL
• In case of ionic solid, the ratio of radius of cation to
radius of anion is called radius ratio.
• Radius ratio = Radius of cation/Radius of anion
=/
Structure of NaCl
• NaCI crystal has a face centered cubic lattices with
sodium and chlorine atoms arranged alternately in all
directions parallel to the three rectangular axes.
• Each chlorine atom is surrounded by 6 sodium atoms
and each sodium atom is surrounded by 6 chlorine
atoms.
STRUCTURE OF CSCl AND ZnS
IMPURITIES DEFECT
VACANCY INTERSTITIAL
DEDECT DEFECT
METAL EXCESS DEFECT
METAL DEFICIENCY
DEFECT
References
International tables for crystallography 2006
West anthony R 1999 basic solid state chemistry
Castellan physical chemistry
Levine physical chemistry 6th edition
Moore physical chemistry 8th edition
Atkins physical chemistry 9th edition
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thankyou. I convey my deep
indebtedness to my project respected miss.
ANJUSHREE PATEL (Lecture) Department of
chemistry, Govt college sundergarh.
I am extremely grateful to express and I would
also like to thankful to Sebati Pradhan ( Head of
the department), Dr. Malaya Naik , Supreeti
dash, Nilima Pradhan, Anjushree Patel, Ranjita
Patel, Sasmita Priyadarshini Samal, MM Barik,
Padmini suna and Prabhakar Setty thankyou for
all faculty members.
My classmate of department of chemistry for
guidance and constant encouragement and
thankyou for all classmates.
THANK YOU
