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WELCOME
Advanced Encryption Standard: Principles a n d Applications in M o d e r n Security P r e s e n t e d B y:
G a u r a v Kalsait VU4F2223044 Khandu Sontakke Ru s h i ke s h Ko l p e VU4F2223041
A a y u s h Khanvilkar VU4F2223037 Pratik Pa w a r VU4F2223015 In t ro d u c t io n to A E S AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric encryption algorithm used to secure data. It operates on fixed block sizes (128-bit) and supports key lengths of 128, 192, or 256 bits. AES performs multiple rounds of encryption using substitution, permutation, and mixing operations. It's widely used in applications like SSL/TLS and file encryption for strong security. History of AES AES was established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001, replacing the aging Data Encryption Standard (DES). It originated from the Rijndael cipher, developed by Belgian cryptographers Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen. AES was chosen after a multi-year, global competition involving 15 encryption algorithms. It became the encryption standard for U.S. government data and is now widely used worldwide. A E S Structure
AES operates on a 4x4 matrix of bytes called the state, using key lengths of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Its structure includes multiple rounds (10, 12, or 14) of transformations like SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey. Each round increases security by adding confusion and diffusion to the data. Ke y Fe a t u re s of A E S •Symmetric Encryption: Uses the same key for both encryption and decryption, ensuring fast performance. •Block Cipher: Operates on fixed 128-bit blocks of data, regardless of key length. •Flexible Key Lengths: Supports 128, 192, and 256-bit keys, offering different levels of security. E n c ry p t io n Process
The AES encryption process starts by dividing
data into 128-bit blocks and initializing the state matrix. It then undergoes multiple rounds (10, 12, or 14) of transformations: SubBytes (byte substitution), ShiftRows (row shifting), MixColumns (column mixing), and AddRoundKey (XOR with the key). The final ciphertext is produced after all rounds are completed, ensuring data confidentiality. D e c ry p t io n Process
The AES decryption process reverses encryption by starting with the
ciphertext and applying the inverse of each transformation: Inverse ShiftRows, Inverse SubBytes, Inverse MixColumns, and AddRoundKey in reverse order. The same key used for encryption is applied, and after all rounds, the original plaintext is recovered. Decryption ensures that data can be securely retrieved by authorized users. Modes of
O p e ra t io n •ECB (Electronic Codebook): Encrypts each block independently; simple but vulnerable to pattern attacks. •CBC (Cipher Block Chaining): Each block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block before encryption, providing better security. •CFB (Cipher Feedback): Converts AES into a stream cipher, encrypting small segments of data. •OFB (Output Feedback): Similar to CFB but pre-generates keystream blocks, making it immune to transmission errors. Applications in S e c u r i t y •Data Encryption: Secures sensitive data in databases, files, and cloud storage. •Network Security: Protects data in transit via protocols like SSL/TLS, IPsec, and VPNs. •Wireless Communication: Secures Wi-Fi connections through WPA2 and WPA3 encryption standards. •Disk and File Encryption: Used in systems like BitLocker, VeraCrypt, and FileVault for full-disk encryption. Challenges a n d Limitations •Key Management: Securely generating, distributing, and storing encryption keys can be complex and is critical to maintaining security. •Implementation Vulnerabilities: Poor implementation, such as side-channel attacks or weak random number generation, can expose AES to attacks despite its theoretical strength. •Limited Security Against Quantum Attacks: While AES is resistant to classical attacks, it may be vulnerable to future quantum computing attacks, particularly with shorter key lengths (e.g., 128 bits). •Performance Overhead: AES encryption can introduce latency in resource-constrained environments, such as IoT devices, where processing power and battery life are limited. Fu t u re o f A E S
•Post-Quantum Cryptography: As quantum computing evolves,
there is a push to develop and standardize cryptographic algorithms that can withstand quantum attacks. While AES is currently considered secure, its reliance on symmetric keys may require longer key lengths (e.g., 256 bits) for enhanced security. •Integration with Emerging Technologies: AES will likely continue to be integrated into various technologies, including blockchain, IoT devices, and cloud computing, to ensure data security and privacy. C O N C LU S I O N AES is a robust and widely adopted encryption standard, providing strong security for a variety of applications. Its symmetric structure, flexible key lengths, and efficiency make it suitable for both hardware and software implementations. As technology evolves, AES will continue to play a critical role in safeguarding data against emerging threats. REFERENCES:
R e s e a r c h P a p e r 1: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8229881
R e s e a r c h P a p e r 2: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9404716
R e s e a r c h P a p e r 3: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10140373 Thanks!
