Y7 Science: 3 Earth

3.7 Earth Structure

Name:
……………………………………………………………

Date Started: ………………………………………………...

 Date: ___________________________________
Keywords:
Crust, mantle, core, minerals, atmosphere

L1 The structure of the earth

DO NOW: Circle the differences between the two pictures.

How many can you see?

1. What kind of extinct animal’s fossil do you see here?

2. What animal that is living today do you think this animal is related
to?

3. What type of rocks are fossils found in? What age are the rocks
containing fossils likely to be?

4. Describe how fossils are made.

TASK 1: Watch the following video and write 3 facts about the
structure of the Earth

1.

2.

3.
2
 Definition: Examples with relative amounts
within the crust:

Mineral
Word:

Sentence:

Checkpoint:
Label the structure of the Earth

Checkpoint:
Which layer am I?
1. I’m between 8 km and 40 km thick. ___________________________
2. I’m mainly iron and nickel. ___________________________
3. I’m made mostly of solid rock, but can flow. __________________
4. I’m liquid. ___________________________
5. I’m solid. ___________________________
6. Lots of different metals can be found here. ___________________

3
Independent task:
Complete the following sentences to describe the properties of the
different layers of the Earth’s structure. Use the words given below

inner live solid crust outer mantle four

core solid flow iron liquid

The Earth is split into ____________ layers. The top layer is called the
______________. This is made from _____________ rock. The next
layer is called the ______________. This is mostly made from
_____________ rock that can ____________. The centre of the Earth
is called the _____________, and this has two parts. The
______________ core, which is solid and contains mainly
______________ and nickel, and the ________________ core which is
_________________ metal and rock.

Modelling the structure of the Earth

State three ways in which the egg is a good representation of the

inside of the Earth.

1.

2.

3.

State three ways in which the egg is not an accurate representation of

the inside of the Earth.

1.

2.

3.

4
 Date: ___________________________________
Keywords:
Weathering, porous, sediment, deposition, transport, strata, erosion,
sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic, compaction, cementation

L2 Sedimentary rocks
DO NOW: Is it rock?

It has some rock in

It is made of rock It has no rock in it
it

What are the 5 main stages when forming sedimentary rock?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. ?

5
 Practical: Modelling sedimentary rock
formation Stage in sedimentary rock
Experiment Observations formation the experiment
represents

1
Sediment
mixture and
water

2
Sediment
mixture and
glue

3
Grated
chocolate

Questions

1 State the stage in sedimentary rock formation that is shown in:

Experiment 1-
Experiment 2-
Experiment 3-

2 State the order in which the sediments settled in Experiment 1.

Suggest a reason for this observation.

3 State what happened to the glue and sediment mixture in

Experiment 2. Explain your answer.

6
Checkpoint:
Describe three properties of sedimentary rocks. ?

Independent Tasks:
Bronze:

Sediments are formed by w_________________ and e_________________.

Sediments are t____________ and d______________ in layers, with the older
ones on the bottom.
The layers become c____________________ and c_____________________
together to form sedimentary rock.

Silver:

Fill in the gaps to describe how a cliff face can be worn away. You should
only use the words weathering and erosion.

What makes a cliff face break up?

Rock on a cliff face is worn away by ________________.

Roots of plants can grow into the rock. They cause __________________ and
weaken the rock.

Water can soak into pores and cracks in the rock. If this water freezes and
thaws many times it can weaken the rock and make it crack more. This is
an example of ______________________.

Sometimes big pieces of rock fall off a cliff. In a storm, wind and rain can
dislodge rock that is lose. This is ____________________.

At other times, wind can cause ___________________ by blowing tiny

particles of sand and grit at the surface of the rock.
7
Gold:
Compare and contrast the three types of weathering.

And finally...match the key words with their definition

Cementation Over many years, the weight of

sediments above compress sediments
below into a rock.

Transport
Sediments settle in one place.

Another substance hardens between

Weathering
sediments, turning sediments into a
rock

Compaction Smaller pieces of rock

The combined process of weathering

Erosion and transport

Breaks down rocks into smaller pieces

Sediment

Sediments can be moved by water,

ice, wind or gravity.
Deposition

8
 Extension: Sedimentary rock formation storyboard

Weathering Erosion Transportation

__________________ __________________ _________________

__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
______________ ______________ _______________

Deposition Compaction Cementation

__________________ __________________ __________________

__________________ __________________ __________________
__________________ __________________ __________________
______________ ______________ ______________

9
 Date: ___________________________________

Keywords:
Igneous, metamorphic, durable, magma, basalt

L3 Igneous and metamorphic rocks

DO NOW: Complete the crossword puzzle

Across Down

1 Sediment squashes other 2 Another substance sticks

sediment below it sediments together
5 Able to absorb water or air 3 When sediments settle
8 Moving sediments away from 4 Moving rock sediments far away
rocks they came from 6 Small pieces of rock
9 Breaking rocks physically, 7 Property that means sedimentary
biologically or chemically rock can be scratched easily

Igneous rocks
Q1. State three properties of igneous rocks.

Q2. State two uses of igneous rocks.

Q3. Explain why igneous rocks are not porous.

10
 Practical:

What determines crystal size in igneous rock?

Hypothesis
Read the information below about the formation of two types of
igneous rock – granite and basalt. Then complete your hypothesis by
circling the correct words in bold.

 Granite is an igneous rock that is made when magma cools down

slowly within the Earth’s crust. Granite contains very large
crystals.
 Basalt is an igneous rock that is formed when liquid rock cools
down quickly outside the Earth’s crust. Basalt contains fine
crystals

Circle the correct work to complete your hypothesis

Lava that cools down more quickly results in large/ smaller crystals

I think that as the temperature of the glass slide decreases, the

crystals in the solid salol will get bigger/smaller.

Results

Slide Drawing of crystals Size of the crystals

Kept in
warm water

Kept in
iced water

11
Checkpoint
Task 1: True or false?
1. Igneous rocks have crystals. TRUE OR FALSE?
2. Sandstone is an igneous rock. TRUE OR FALSE?
3. Basalt is an igneous rock. TRUE OR FALSE?
4. Intrusive igneous rocks have big crystals. TRUE OR FALSE?
5. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed outside the volcano.
TRUE OR FALSE?
6. Lava is found in a volcano. TRUE OR FALSE?

Task 2: Gap fill

Key words: crystallises, magma, lava, extrusive, intrusive.

1. Igneous rocks are formed when either ____________ or _____________

cools down.

2. If magma cools down and ______________ it forms __________________

igneous rocks.

3. If lava cools down and _____________ it forms _______________________

igneous rocks.

Challenge:
Which type of igneous rock has bigger crystals – Intrusive or Extrusive?
Explain your answer.

Metamorphic rocks
Earth movements can cause rocks to be deeply buried or squeezed.
As a result, the rocks are h__________ and put under great
p________________.
They do not melt, but the m_____________ they contain are changed
chemically, forming m__________________ r_____________.
Two examples of metamorphic rocks are ___________________________
____________________________________________________________________

12
Independent task: Extended writing
Compare the ways in which igneous and metamorphic rocks form.
Include examples in your answer. (6 marks)

KEYWORDS
'Compare’
Igneous Crystals This requires the student to
metamorphic Heat describe the similarities
Magma Pressure and/or differences between
Lava Particles things, not just write about
Cools Porous one.
Freezes

13
 Extension
Can state the
Describe how What is the Explain why
difference
the cooling rate name of molten sediments are
between
affects the rock inside the deposited in the
weathering and
crystal size. earth? sea
erosion
Name a rock Describe how Name a
Name an
with large fossils are sedimentary
igneous rock.
crystals. formed rock.
Complete Name one
Describe how
What is the sentence: difference
sediments are
name of molten Molten _______ between
compacted and
rock outside the can be used to sedimentary
cemented
earth? model crystal and igneous
together
formation. rocks.
Do large or Describe how
Where does Name a
small crystals metamorphic
lava come metamorphic
form when lava rocks are
from? rock
cools quickly? formed

Answer sheet

14
 Date: ___________________________________
Keywords:
Rock cycle, uplift

L4 The rock cycle

DO NOW: Recall quiz, if you are not sure of an answer, use your
booklet of the previous lessons to help you.

Sedimentary Answer

What causes rocks to break down?

What is the name of the little pieces of

weathered rock settling at the bottom
of a river?

How long are rocks thought to take to

form?

Igneous, Metamorphic or Sedimentary Answer

What type of rock is formed by heat

and pressure?

Deposition, compaction and

cementation relate to which type
of rock?

These rocks usually contain crystals…

Keyword focus: Cycle

Write your own definition of a cycle.

15
16
Checkpoint task 1: Complete the sentence below. 17
Keywords:
uplift, millions, rock cycle, recycled, fossils, crust, collide, limestone

The _________ _________ shows how the materials in rocks are

__________________, and how different rock types are linked.
The Earth’s ___________ moves constantly, sometimes pieces of the crust
_____________, pushing rocks upwards, this is called _____________.
Mount Everest contains _____________ of sea creatures that formed on the
seafloor, as it is made from _______________ that was uplifted ____________
of years ago.

Checkpoint task 2: Name the processes that changes…..

(a) Metamorphic rock into magma. __________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

(b) Magma into igneous rock. ________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(c) Layers of sediment into sedimentary rock. ______________________

________________________________________________________________________

Checkpoint task 3: Add the key words to the picture.

 Describe the
Describe how they are
Type of rock appearance and
formed
properties

SEDIMENTARY
e.g.

IGNEOUS
e.g.

METAMORPHIC
e.g.

Exit quiz
Description Rock type(s)
An example is granite
Soft and easily scratched
Contains layers
Non-porous
Made up of separate grains
Made when existing rocks are placed under
heat and pressure
An example is marble
Porous
Made when liquid rock cools and freezes
Contains crystals

18
Extension/Homework:
The pictures show parts of the story of 'Rocky’.
Number the pictures and words into the correct order in to show the story..

A B C

‘Even more pressure! And the heat! I ‘I fell into a river. I bumped into other ‘Lots of sediment fell on top of me – and
can feel myself changing …’ rocks, and bits got knocked off me.’ some dead fish! Now I’m a crumbly,
sedimentary rock!’
D E F

‘Magma cooled slowly, and I became an ‘The rocks around me broke up, and I ‘I can see daylight again! All those
igneous rock with large crystals.’ fell to the bottom of the cliffs.’ rocks above me must have been worn
away.’
G H I

‘The river washed me out into the sea.’ ‘So here I am!’ ‘All the rocks above me got worn away,
and rain fell on me for the first time.’

Challenge:
Write a short story on paper/in book describing the journey of a rock in
the rock cycle. (6 marks).
19
 Date: ___________________________________

Keywords:
Ceramics, insulator, compound, properties

L5 Ceramics

DO NOW: Look at the materials below and circle the best material
for each object AND explain the reason for your choice.

1. A school chair – wood, metal or plastic.

______________________________________________________________

2. A cup for a child – plastic, ceramic or glass.

______________________________________________________________

3. Shoes – synthetic leather or leather

______________________________________________________________

Three things I use daily that are made of ceramics are:

1. ______________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________

20
 Properties of
ceramics

Independent task:
Explain why ceramics are useful as building materials.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Challenge: Explain why ceramics have high melting points.

Key words: atoms, strong forces,
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Practical: Comparing composites with the

original materials

A composite material is made of two or more materials combined to

produce a more useful or desirable set of properties.
You are going to make a composite from newspaper and a flour and water
paste.

The properties of the composite will be compared to the properties of the

individual materials.

21
Instructions

To make the flour paste

1 cup plain flour (all purpose flour)
2 cups tap water

For the volcano

Piece of cardboard around A4 size
An empty water bottle (a 250 - 500ml one)
Newspaper – some cut into strips, some left as large sheets
Tape

How to make your volcano

1. Place the water bottle on a piece of cardboard in the centre.
2. Carefully build up a volcano shape around the water bottle with
scrunched up newspaper.
3. Tape it securely.
4. Lay strips of newspaper over the base of volcano and paint the flour
paste over the top, alternatively you may gently dip the strips into
the flour paste and skim off the excess before laying it down. You
might need to let it dry in between layers.
5. If time, paint your volcano once it is dry.

Observations

1. How does the newspaper, flour paste and paper mâché (composite)
compare with each other?

2. Suggest some possible uses for the dried flour paste, the newspaper
pieces and for the paper mâché (composite).

3. Which do you think will have the most uses and why?

! Erupting volcano !

Selected students will be allowed the opportunity to allow their

volcano to erupt. 22