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CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES
• Introduction- Page no. 24
• Minerals: Naturally occurring substances, which has a definite chemical composition. • Power Resources: Resources(minerals), which provide us energy to perform various activities. Minerals
Identified on various Geological basis. Such as colour, Not evenly Environment density, hardness distributed , under etc. varying conditions CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES TYPES OF minerals Pgno-25
Metallic Non- Metallic
Ferrous (has iron content, iron ore, manganese) Non Ferrous (Does not contain iron, eg. gold, silver)
What is rock- pg no 25(Do you know)
CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS- Page 26 • Minerals occurs in different types of rocks. • Igneous rocks, Metamorphic rocks, Sedimentary rocks. Non- metallic Metallic Minerals minerals • Ex: Iron ore in North Sweden Plains and young fold mountains. • Copper and Nickel in Ontario Eg. Limestone deposits in Caucasus • Minerals fuels such as coal and petroleum are also found in sedimentary strata.
• ASIA • EUROPE- Pg no 27 • NORTH AMERICA- pg 27 CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS- • NORTH AMERICA Iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper Western Cordilleras- copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver Appalachians region- coal deposits Silver
• SOUTH AMERICA- pg no 28 • AFRICA • AUSTRALIA • ANTARCTICA CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES FACTS: 1. Rocks containing copper looks blue in colour. 2. Switzerland has no known mineral deposists. 3. A green diamond is the rarest diamond. 4. Oldest rocks in the world are found in western Australia(43,00 million years ago). CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES USES AND CONSERVATION OF MINERALS- PAGE NO 29 MULTIPLE USES CONSERVATION OF MINERALS • Jewellery (gems) 1. non renewable • Coins to pipe (copper) Rate of formation = Rate of consumption • Computer industry (silicon) 2. We must follow 3 R’s • Automobile, airplanes, bottling industry Reduce, Recycle, Reuse Reduce:- avoid wastage in process of mining Recycle:- Metals Reuse • Buildings and kitchen cookware Limited resource x unlimited needs ?? Facts • Rocks combining copper looks blue in colour • Switzerland has no known deposit in it. • A green diamond is the rarest diamond. • Oldest rocks of the world are found in western Australia.(4300 million years ago) CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES POWER RESOURCES:- Role played by them, used in agriculture, transport, communication and defense.
CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY= PAGE NO 27
• Those energy sources which have been in common use for a long time. firewood:- used for cooking and heating Mainly used in rural areas Remains of plants and animals Fossil Buried under the earth= fuel
• Coal- page no 31 Energy produced by coal is known as ‘Thermal Power’. Coal which we use today was buried million of years ago. It is also known as ‘Buried Sunshine’. Major producer are China, U.S.A, Germany, Russia, South Africa, France. In India it is produced in Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad, Bokaro in Jharkhand etc. CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydel Power • Petroleum- Page no 31 • Crude oil Drilled out Sent to refineries Processing(Fractional Distillation) • Through processing Products obtained are: Diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, plastic and lubricants. • So, Petroleum and its derivatives are known as ‘Black Gold’. • Major producer:- Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar • In India: Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai and the deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers. CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Hydel Power- Page no 32 • Water in dam is used to produce electricity. • 1/4th of world’s electricity is produced by hydel power. • Paraguay, Norway, Brazil and China • India: Bhakra Nangal Dam, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjunasagar and Damodar valley project. • Natural Gas- Page no 32 • Found with petroleum deposits • Used as a domestic and industrial fuel. • Russia, Norway, UK, Netherlands are the major producers. CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Hydel Power Station CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Non- Conventional Sources of Energy • Solar Energy Sun’s heat and light energy is used. Solar cells produces energy. Beneficial in Tropical countries Solar energy is used in solar cookers, Solar heaters, solar dryers, traffic signals etc. Advantages: Inexhaustible, non polluting. Disadvantages: Expensive, diffuse source , so gets wasted. CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Wind Energy • Inexhaustible source of energy • High speed wind Rotates wind mill Connected to generators= electricity • Located in coastal regions and in mountainous passes • Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain • Advantages • Non- polluting, low cost production of electricity once setup. • Safe and clean • Disadvantages • Windmills costly to setup • Disturbs radio and T.V. • Harmful to birds CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • NUCLEAR POWER • Energy produced from the nuclei of the atom. • Uranium and thorium Undergoes fission and produces power(heat) used to generate electricity. • Greatest producer- U.S.A and Europe • Nuclear power station in India: Kalpakkam(T.N), Tarapur(Maharashtra), Ranapratap Sagar near Kota n Rajasthan. • Advantages:- Emits large amount of energy. • Disadvantages:- Generates radioactive wastes and is expensive NUCLEAR ENERGY CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Geothermal Energy Heat energy obtained from the earth is called geothermal energy. The heat may surface itself from hot springs(cracks). Used for producing electricity. USA: worlds largest producer India: Manikaran in H.P, Puga valley in Ladakh. Advantages: Clean ecofriendly and always available. Disadvantages: Located far away from cities and costly to transport the electricity. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Tidal Energy • Energy generated from tides is called as tidal energy. • Russia, France and the Gulf of Kachchh in India have huge tidal mill farms. CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Biogas Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.
The organic waste is decomposed bacteria emits methane and carbon dioxide.
Excellent fuel for cooking and lighting produces huge amount of organic manure CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES • Biogas Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas.
The organic waste is decomposed bacteria emits methane and carbon dioxide.
Excellent fuel for cooking and lighting produces huge amount of organic manure CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY NON- CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY BOOK EXERCISE BOOK EXERCISE MINERALS IN INDIA
• IRON CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES Distribution of Minerals in India:- • Iron- Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra • Bauxite- Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, M.P, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu • Mica- Jharkhand, Karnataka, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh • Copper- Rajasthan, M.P, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand • Manganese- Maharashtra, M.P, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh • Limestone- Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, M.P, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu • Gold- Kolar mines in Karnataka • Salt- Obtained from sea, lakes and rocks. India is one of the leading produces of salt. Rajasthan- Sambar lake. • 5 CLASS 8- GEOGRAPHY CH-3- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES
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