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4 Introduction To C

C-Programming

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EG209/108489/21 ISAAC DUNCAN MWENDWA
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43 views43 pages

4 Introduction To C

C-Programming

Uploaded by

EG209/108489/21 ISAAC DUNCAN MWENDWA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structured

programming
Structured programming

• Although the principles of structured programming have had


a profound effect on the programming world, it was not until
the 1970s that an actual language was created for teaching
structured programming.

• Pascal was developed especially for this purpose. Later


generation languages such as C, FORTRAN, and COBOL
among others became fully-fledged structured programming
languages. The three structures allowed in structured
programming are sequence, selection, and iteration.
C program
•C is a structured/procedural language.

•C is called a high level, compiler language.

•C is a general-purpose computer programming


language developed between 1969 and 1973 by
Dennis Ritchie at Bell telephone Laboratories.
C Program format
A C program includes the following sections;
1. Documentation Section
2. Linker Section
3. Definition Section
4. Global Declaration Section
5. Main() Function Section
{ Declaration section; Executable Section }
6. Sub-program Section
Function 1
Function 2
Function3 etc is User defined functions
Documentation Section
• This section consists of a set of comments lines giving
the name of the program, the author and other details
which the programmer would like to use later.

• Comments starts with /* and ends with */ and enhances


readability and understandability.

• Or use // for one line comment

• Comment lines are not executable statements ie.


executed and are ignored by the compiler.
Link Section

• This section provides instructions to the compiler to link


functions from the system library.

• C program have predefined functions stored in the C library.


Library functions are grouped category-wise and stored in
different file known as header files.

• To be able to access the library files it is necessary to tell the


compiler about the files to be accessed.

• Instruction Format: #include<file_name> Example


#include<stdio.h> a standard I/O header file containing standard
input (scanf()) and output (printf()) functions.
Definition Section

• This section allows the definition of all symbolic


constants. Statements begin with # sign and do not end
with a ; because the statements are compiler directive
statements

• Example #define PRINCIPLE 10000

• Symbolic constants are usually written in upper case to


distinguish them from lower case variables. Values
defined here remain constant throughout the program.
main() Function Section

• The main() function is a special function used by C


system to tell the computer where the program starts.
Every program must have exactly one main function.

• The instructions contained within this function's


definition will always be the first ones to be executed
in any C program.
main() cont’d…
The main function section has the following sections.

• Declaration part: where all variables used in the


executable section are declared.

• Executable part: consist of the statements to be


executed.

There must be a least one statement in the executable


part. The two part must be included between the opening
{ and the closing }. Program execution begins at the
Example: Pseudocode Algorithm for
calculating area of a circle

Input radius

Area=3.14*radius*radius

Output area
/*Program to compute area of a circle */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int rad; float area; const pi=3.14; //variable
declaration
printf (“Enter radius”);
scanf (“%d”,&rad); // input radius
area= pi * rad * rad;
printf (“Area is %f”, area);
Main() formats

• All
the statements between the { and } forms the
function body and are the instructions to perform the
given task.
• All
statements in the Declaration and Executable parts
must end with a semicolon (;)
Formats of main()
• main()

• int main()
• void main()
NB:

•C is a case sensitive programming language.

•C has a free-form line structure. End of each


C statement must be marked with a
semicolon.
• Write an algorithm and C program to enter
product name, quantity and price then
compute total price and display the result.
Where total price = quantity*price
# include <stdio.h>

Int main()

{ char prdname[10]; float qty,prc,tprice;

printf(“Enter product name”);

scanf (“%s”,&prdname);

printf(“Enter Quantity”);

scanf (“%f”,&qty);

printf(“Enter Price”);

scanf (“%f”,&prc);

tprice=qty*prc;

printf(“Total price is %f”,tprice);

}
C Program Tokens

• In a passage text, individual words and


punctuations marks are called tokens.

• Similarly in a C program the smallest


individual units are known as C Tokens.

• C program has six types of tokens.


C tokens
• Key words/ Reserved words

• Identifiers

• Constants

• Variables

• Operators

• Special symbols
Reserved Words

• Reserved words (occasionally called keywords) are one


type of grammatical construct in programming
languages.

• These words have special meaning within the language


and are predefined in the language formal
specifications.

• Reserved words act as the building blocks for program


statements.
C reserved words
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
Identifiers

Identifiers refer to the names of variables, functions and arrays.


They are introduced by the programmer.

Rules for Identifiers

1. First letter must be an alphabet (or underscore).

2. Only first 31 characters are significant

3. Cannot be a Keyword.

4. Must not contain white spaces


Constants

• Constants in C Program refers to fixed


values that do not change during the
execution of the program. E.g. const
pi=3.14;
Variables
•A variable is a named memory location that may take
different values at different times during execution.

•A variable name should be chosen in a meaningful way


so as to reflect its function.

• Naming of variables should follow the same rules as


stated in the identifiers section.
Primary data types

All C compilers support five (5) fundamental data


types namely

• Integer (int)

• Character (char)

• Floating point (float)

• Double-precision floating point (double)

• Void
Integer data types

• Integers are whole numbers with a range of values


supported by a particular machine.

• Integer data types are defined in C as int.

•C supports three classes of integer storage, short int


(-32768 to 32767), int and long int in both signed
and unsigned forms.
Floating point types

• Floating point (or real) numbers are stored in 32


bits (in all 16-bit and 32-bit machines) with 6
digits of precision.

• Floating point data type is defined in C as float.

• When the accuracy provided by float is not


sufficient, the type double can be used to define
the number.
Declaring variables

• Variables to be used in a program need to be


declared.

• Declaration of variables tells the compiler what


the variable name is and specifies what type of
data the variable will hold.

•A variable must be declared before it is used in


a C program.
Void types

• Void data type has no value, and usually


used to specify the void type of function
which does not return any value to the
calling function example main(void)
Character type

•A character data type constists of values (a ..z, 0 -9


and all symbols)
•A single character can be defined as character (char)
type of data.
• Characters are usually stored in 8-bit (one byte ) of
internal storage.
• For
string data type in C, you must specify the length
(number of characters) e.g.
char stdname[12];
Variable declaration Syntax

• Syntax for declaring a variable data_type v1, v2, vn;

• Where v1, v2 and vn are names for variables and the


variables are separated with commas.

•A declaration statement must end with a semi-colon.

examples

• int count;

• int count, price; double ratio;


Managing Input, Output and arithmetic
Operations

• Reading, processing and writing of data are the


three essential functions of a computer program.

• Most programs take data as input and display the


processed data, often known as information or
output on a suitable medium.
Assignment statement

• The assignment statement implies that the value of the


variable on the left of the equal sign is set equal to the
value of the quantity on the right.

• Example gross_salary = basic_salary + commission;

• Variables can be assigned an initial value when declaring


it in a process called initialization, using the format;
data type variable_name = constant.

• E.g. x=60;
Reading data from the keyboard (scanf())

• Another way of assign value to variables is to input data


through the keyboard using the scanf function.

• Scanf stands for scan formatted.

• The general format for scanf() is scanf(“control string”,


&variable);

• The control string contains the format of data being received.

• The ampersand & before the variable name is an operator


that specifies the variable name’s address.
control string
 %d – integer
 %c – character
 %f – float and double
 %s - string
Example
• Example

scanf(“%d”, &marks);

• When the computer encounters this statement, the


programs stops and waits for the value marks to be
keyed in through the keyboard and the <enter key>
pressed.

• “%d” signifies that an integer data type is expected


Arithmetic Expressions

• An arithmetic expression is a combination of variables,


constants and operators arranged as per the syntax of the
language.

• Expressions are evaluated using an assignment statement


of the form variable = expression;

• Example

•x = a * b – c;

• y = b/c * a;
Operator Precedence

• Operator precedence is used to determine how an


expression involving more than one operator is
evaluated.

• Most programming language use PEMDAS (Parenthesis


(brackets), Exponential, Multiplication, Division, Addition
and Subtraction) in that order when evaluating an
expression.

• To control order of expression evaluation,


Examples
Evaluate the following:

• Z=x/y*s+x

• Z=x/(y*(s+t))

• where x=18, y=6, s=1,t=2


Displaying results
• The printf function is used to format the C program
outputs.

• The printf statement provides certain features that can


be effectively exploited to control the alignment and
spacing of print-outs on the terminal.

• The printf function format is printf(“ control string”,


arg1, arg2,arg3, …..);

• Example: Printf (“%d”,total);


Formatted Out put

• Escape sequence characters such as \n (for new


line) and \t (for tab) .

• The argument should match in number, order and


type with the format specifications.
Enhancing readability of Output

• Provide enough blank spaces between two numbers.

• Introduce appropriate headings and variable names


in the output

• Print special messages whenever a peculiar condition


occurs in the output.

• Introduce blank lines between the important sections


of the output.
Example for output

• Printf (“Student name : %s”, stdname);

• Printf (“\n Total marks: %d”, tot);

• Printf( “\n average :%f”, avg);


Escape sequence example

• Printf (“Student name \t Total \t average);

• Printf (“\n%s”, stdname, “%d\t”, tot,”%f\t”,


avg);
Assignment

• Write a program to input Employee name, hours


works and rate per hour the compute salary. Where
salary= hours works * rate per hour.

• Write a program to convert temperature from


Celcius to Farenheight.

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