Cerebrum

SYEDA AFSHEEN
DAUD
LECTURER IPMR
 Cerebrum
• cerebrum, the largest and uppermost portion
of the brain
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain,
situated in the anterior and middle cranial
fossae .
• It may be divided into two parts: the
diencephalon, which forms the central core,
and the telencephalon, which forms the
cerebral hemisphere
• The cerebrum is responsible for processing
sensory functions like vision, hearing, and
touch; and it is involved in movement of your
body.
• It's also the source of intellect and enables
you to think, plan, read, hold memories, and
process emotions—among many other tasks.
• The cerebrum does not contain any muscles or
ligaments, but it houses several different types of
neurons, or nerve cells.
• The three main parts of neurons are:
• Cell body is the central part of the cell and its
command center.
• Dendrites are fibers that branch out from the cell
body to receive messages from other cells
• Axons are fibers that send outgoing messages to the
dendrites of other cells
 Types of Tissue

• Gray matter, which is named for its gray-brown

color, forms the outer surface of the brain and
consists of the neurons' cell bodies. This outer layer
of gray matter is the cerebral cortex and it is
associated with most information processing,
including language, perception, and thought.
• White matter is an inner core of brain tissue that's
mostly composed of axons, or nerve fibers, that are
covered by myelin (a type of fat). The myelin gives
white matter its white color
 Lobes

• Frontal lobes reside at the very front of the brain behind the
forehead and are responsible for many key functions, such as
attention, learning, and speech. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), a
forward-facing region of each frontal lobe, allows for planning
and complex decision making and is said to house your
personality. A rear-facing region is involved in voluntary
movements.
• Parietal lobes are located near the middle of the brain behind
the frontal lobes and are sensory areas that process pain, taste,
temperature, and textures along with spatial relationships (such
as the distance between your car and the one in front of you).
• you
• Temporal lobes sit at the sides of the brain
and are responsible for short-term memory,
understanding sounds and speech, and
musical rhythm.
• Occipital lobes are located at the very back of
the brain and are responsible for processing
what
 Sulci and gyri of cerebrum
The sulci (or fissures) are the grooves and the
gyri are the "bumps" that can be seen on the
surface of the brain. The folding created by the
sulci and gyri increases the amount of cerebral
cortex that can fit in the skull.
 Sulci and Gyri
3 surfaces of cerebrum
 Superopleteral
 Medial
 inferior
Frontal lobe
 Pre central sulcus
 Superior frontal sulcus
 Inferior frontal sulcus
 Superior frontal gyrus
 Middle frontal gyrus
 Inferior frontal gyrus
 Pars orbitals
 Pars traingularis
 Pars orbicularis
Temporal lobe
 Superior temporal sulcus
 Inferior temporal sulcus
 Superior temporal gyrus
 Inferior temporal gyrus
 Middle temporal gyrus
Parietal lobe
 Post central sulcus
 Intraparietal sulcus
 Superior parietal lobule
 Inferior parietal lobule
 Supra marginal gyrus
 Angular gyrus
Arc temporo occipitalis
Occipital lobe
 Lateral occipital sulcus
 Lunate sulcus(meets calcarine sulcus )
 Transverse occipital sulcus
 Arc parieto occipitalis
Suprolateral surface
Medial surface
 Sulci
7 sulci on anterior side of medial surface
 Anterior Olfactory sulcus
 Posterior Olfactory sulcus
 Callosal sulcus
 Cingulate sulcus
 Supra splenial sulcus
 Calcarine sulcus
 Pariertooccipital sulcus
 gyri
 Para olfactory gyrus
 Para terminal gyrus
 Callosal sulcus is separate cingulate gyrus from
corpus callosum
 Cingulate gyrus between cingulate sulcus and
callosal sulcus
 Above area of cingulate sulcus is divided into
gyrus ,large medial frontal and small para
central lobule
• Suprasplenial sulcus separate precuneus from
cingulate gyrus
• Gyrus between parietoccipital sulcus and
calcarine sulcus is cuneus traingular in shape.
• Pareitoccipital sulcus and paracentral lobule is
quadrangular area precuneus
 Inferior surface
Orbital part
 2 sulcus and 5 gyrus
 Olfactory sulcus (straight gyrus run ant to post
and lodges olfactory bulb) medial area gyrus
rectus
 Orbital sulcus irregular in shape divides rest of
orbital surface into 4 gyrus
anterior ,post ,medial and lateral and orbital
gyrus
Tentorial part
 3 sulcus and 5 gyrus
 Collateral sulcus is present medially posterior part
parallel to calcarine sulcus gyrus between these two is
lingual gyrus
 Occipitotemporal sulcus laterally
 Gyrus between collateral and occipitotemporal sulcus
is medial occipitotemporal gyrus
 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus
 Medial occipitotemporal gyrus
 Parahippocampal gyrus anterior to
lingual ,anterior end of parahippocampal
gyrus is called uncus and uts is lined by a
sulcus called rhinal sulcus and posterior part
is isthmus
Functional areas of brain
 Functional area
Primary motor cortex (or Precentral gyrus) AREA 4
 Pyramidal fibers
 Skilled movements
 Pyramidal set of fibers
 It is responsible for executing motor
movements, which includes contralateral
finger/hand/wrist or orofacial movements,
learned motor sequences, breathing control, and
voluntary blinking.
• primary motor area carries out the individual
movements of different parts of the body.
• receives numerous afferent fibers from the
premotor area, the sensory cortex, the
thalamus, the cerebellum, and the basal
ganglia.
• final station for conversion of the design into
execution of the movement
PRE MORTOR AREA(area 6)
The premotor area, which is wider superiorly
than below and narrows down to be confined to
the anterior part of the precentral gyrus,
EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SET OF FIBERS
 Programming of movement
 Program storage
• function of the premotor area is to store
programs of motor activity assembled as the
result of past experience.
• premotor area programs the activity of the
primary motor area.
• It is particularly involved in controlling coarse
postural movements through its connections
with the basal ganglia
Supplementary motor area
 Medial surface of cortex
 u/l,neck,trunk,L/L
 Urge to movement
 Sleep paralysis akinseia
• The supplementary motor area is situated in the
medial frontal gyrus on the medial surface of the
hemisphere and anterior to the paracentral
lobule.
• Stimulation of this area results in movements of
the contralateral limbs, but a stronger stimulus is
necessary than when the primary motor area is
stimulated. Removal of the supplementary motor
area produces no permanent loss of movement
Frontal eye field area 8
The frontal eye field extends forward from the
facial area of the precentral gyrus into the
middle frontal gyrus (parts of Brodmann areas 6,
8, and 9).
Conjugate gaze
Voluntary control
 Brocas area
• The motor speech area of Brocas located in
the inferior frontal gyrus between the anterior
and ascending rami and the ascending and
posterior rami of the lateral fissure (Brodmann
areas 44 and 45).
 Motor speech area 45 and 44
 Par traingularis and orbicularis
• Broca’s and Wernicke’s area of the brain.
• Located within the frontal lobe and is critical for
speech production.
• It is larger in the left hemisphere than in the
right.
• This size difference has been correlated with
language dominance.
• The frontal eye field is considered to control
voluntary scanning movements of the eye and
is independent of visual stimuli.
• The involuntary following of moving objects by
the eyes involves the visual area of the
occipital cortex to which the frontal eye field is
connected by association fibers
Pre frontal area (9-12)
The prefrontal area is concerned with the makeup of the individual's
personality.
As the result of the input from many cortical and subcortical sources, this
area plays a role as a regulator of the person's depth of feeling. It also
exerts its influence in determining the initiative and judgment of an
individual.
 Anterior to area 6
 Personality
 Concentration
 Judgment
 Connection writhe all areas of cortex
 Silent area of brain
 Temporal lobe
 Primary and auditory area (41,42)
 Anterior part of lateral sulcus and region of
superior temporal gyrus area 41,42
 Cortical deafness
Auditory association cortex
 Understanding of words
 Auditory verbal deafness
 Parietal lobe
 The primary somesthetic area (primary somatic
sensory cortex S1) occupies the postcentral gyrus (Fig.
8-4) on the lateral surface of the hemisphere and the
posterior part of the paracentral lobule on the medial
surface (Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2
 3,1,2 in post central gyrus
 5,7 in superior parietal lobule
 14,39 in inferior parietal lobule
 43 related to taste
 SmaII lower part of post central gyrus
• The primary somesthetic areas of the cerebral
cortex receive projection fibers from the
ventral posterior lateral and ventral posterior
medial nuclei of the thalamus.
• pharyngeal region, tongue, and jaws are represented in the
most inferior part of the postcentral gyrus; this is followed by
the face, fingers, hand, arm, trunk, and thigh.
• The leg and the foot areas are found on the medial surface of
the hemisphere in the posterior part of the paracentral lobule.
• The anal and genital regions are also found in this latter area.
The apportioning of the cortex for a particular part of the body
is related to its functional importance rather than to its size. T
• he face, lips, thumb, and index finger have particularly large
areas assigned to them. In fact, the size of the cortical area
allocated to each part of the body is directly proportional to the
number of sensory receptors present in that part of the body.
• The anterior part of the postcentral gyrus
situated in the central sulcus receives a large
number of afferent fibers from muscle spindles,
tendon organs, and joint receptors.
• This sensory information is analyzed in the
vertical columns of the sensory cortex; it is then
passed forward beneath the central sulcus to
the primary motor cortex, where it greatly
influences the control of skeletal muscle activity
• Primary sensory area
• SmI IT IN POST CENTRAL GYRUS
• PART OF PARA CENTRAL LOBULE
• Sensory homunculus thumb, finger hands lips
tongue carry major sensations
• Sensory homunculus is upside down
• Area 3 cutaneous sesanation apart from pain
and temperature
• The secondary sensory area is much smaller
and less important than the primary sensory
area
• Secondary sensory area superior lip of
posterior ramus of lateral sulcus
• Head, trunk and leg.
• Receive pain sensation from both sides
• Ablated in cancer patients
• The somesthetic association area (occupies the
superior parietal lobule extending onto the medial
surface of the hemisphere (Brodmann areas 5 and 7).
• This area has many connections with other sensory
areas of the cortex. Area 5 and 7
• Sensory association area
• Store house of memory through experiences
• Sterognosis
• Tactile agnosia/asterognosis
• Area 40 .
• Higher association area
• Lesion will cause will not able to say after
interpretaion
• Tactile aphasia
• Sensory speech area
• 22,39,40
• 22 in temporal lobe SPG
• 39 ANGULAR GYRUS
• 40 SUPRA MARFINAL GYRUS
• UNDERSATND LANGUAE IN WRITTEN FORM
• LESION WILL CAUSE SPEAK FLUENTLY
WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING
• AREA FOR READING ….ALEXIA
• WRITING…AGRAPHIA
• COMPUTING ..ACALCULIA
• NAMING..ANOMIA
• AREA 43 LOWER PART OF POST CENTRAL
GYRUS
• TASTE PERCEPTION
 Speech
• Sensory integration
• 4 regions on suprolateral surface work in
coordination to produce speech
• Left cerebral cortex dominant /talking brain
• Right handed 95%
• Left handed 65%
• All speech centers on left side
• Area 22 temporal
• 39 parietal
• 40 parietal
• 44,45 frontal
• Sensory and motor area
• Sensory area sound, feelings it hands ,written
language we see.
• Motor controls how we speak
• Area 22,39 ,40 form sensory interpretation
speech areas
• Area 44,45 motor area controlling the muscle
with help of which we speak
• Area 22 ear comprehends spoken words and
familiar sounds
• 39 eye recognize visual images ,we see and
able to read
• 40 hand feel with help of proprioception
• These area interpret languages and
assimilated in posterior part of 22 .called
Wernicke's area
• Motor speech 45,44
• Brocas area
• Close to motor area of tongue ,larynx ,pharynx
with help of fibers called arcuate
fasciculus ,from her3 to corticobulabar
tract ,cranial nerves